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      Characterizing individual differences in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: a descriptive study

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          Abstract

          Introduction

          Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by a higher prevalence in male than in female participants. Recent studies have hypothesized the presence of different phenotypes in male and female participants with ASD. The present study aims to assess possible sex differences in cognitive and adaptive functioning, symptomatology of ASD, and psychopathological comorbidities in a large sample of children and adolescents with ASD.

          Methods

          The study included a total of 2,146 children and adolescents diagnosed with ASD, comprising 1785 boys (mean age 7.12 ± 3.69 years) and 361 girls (mean age 6.25 ± 3.30 years). The age of the participants ranged from 1.35 to 19.05 years (mean age 9.98 ± 3.64). The study sought to include all children and adolescents diagnosed with Autism or ASD.

          Results

          Present results showed that girls with ASD had lower IQs than boys but similar adaptive functioning. The severity of symptoms of ASD was greater in boys than in girls, as were scores on psychopathological measures. With increasing age, boys with ASD showed greater impairment in social communication skills than girls and increased psychopathological comorbidities. Older girls showed fewer restricted and repetitive behaviors.

          Discussion

          Exploring phenotypic differences in children and adolescents with ASD fosters an understanding of subtle diagnostic facets that may go unrecognized, allowing for increasingly individualized and tailored interventions.

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          Most cited references84

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          Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised: A revised version of a diagnostic interview for caregivers of individuals with possible pervasive developmental disorders

          Catherine Lord, Michael Rutter, Ann Le Couteur (1994)
          Describes the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R), a revision of the Autism Diagnostic Interview, a semistructured, investigator-based interview for caregivers of children and adults for whom autism or pervasive developmental disorders is a possible diagnosis. The revised interview has been reorganized, shortened, modified to be appropriate for children with mental ages from about 18 months into adulthood and linked to ICD-10 and DSM-IV criteria. Psychometric data are presented for a sample of preschool children.
          Article 0 comments Cited 776 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            What Is the Male-to-Female Ratio in Autism Spectrum Disorder? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

            Rachel Loomes, Laura Hull, William Polmear Locke Mandy (2017)
            To derive the first systematically calculated estimate of the relative proportion of boys and girls with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) through a meta-analysis of prevalence studies conducted since the introduction of the DSM-IV and the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision.
            Article 0 comments Cited 707 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Nonparametric estimation of Shannon’s index of diversity when there are unseen species in sample

              Catherine Lord, Susan Risi, Linda Lambrecht … (2000)
              Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 30(3), 205-223
              Article 0 comments Cited 601 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                S. Di Vara: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/775682/overviewRole: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role:
                S. Guerrera: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/770248/overviewRole: Role: Role:
                D. Menghini: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/1780527/overviewRole: Role: Role: Role: Role:
                F. Scibelli: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/1654939/overviewRole: Role: Role:
                E. Lupi: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/2057534/overviewRole: Role: Role:
                G. Valeri: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/775562/overviewRole: Role: Role: Role:
                S. Vicari: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/592896/overviewRole: Role: Role: Role:
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Front Psychol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Front Psychol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Front. Psychol.
                Title: Frontiers in Psychology
                Publisher: Frontiers Media S.A.
                ISSN (Electronic): 1664-1078
                Publication date (Electronic): 27 February 2024
                Publication date Collection: 2024
                Volume: 15
                Electronic Location Identifier: 1323787
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS , Rome, Italy
                [2] 2Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Catholic University , Rome, Italy
                Author notes

                Edited by: Lawrence Fung, Stanford University, United States

                Reviewed by: Giulia Purpura, University of Milano Bicocca, Italy

                Asimenia Papoulidi, University of West Attica, Greece

                *Correspondence: S. Vicari, stefano.vicari@ 123456opbg.net
                Article
                DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1323787
                PMC ID: 10927760
                PubMed ID: 38476386
                SO-VID: bb0487a2-d88a-4dee-845f-135466aac065
                Copyright © Copyright © 2024 Di Vara, Guerrera, Menghini, Scibelli, Lupi, Valeri and Vicari.
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                Date received : 18 October 2023
                Date accepted : 05 February 2024
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 3, Equations: 0, References: 84, Pages: 12, Words: 10370
                Funding
                Funded by: Italian Ministry of Health with Current Research funds
                The author(s) declare financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. This work was supported by the Italian Ministry of Health with Current Research funds.
                Categories
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Original Research
                Custom metadata
                section-at-acceptance Developmental Psychology

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: asd,sex,psychopathology,cognitive,adaptive functioning
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: asd, sex, psychopathology, cognitive, adaptive functioning

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