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      Noninvasive vasculature detection using laser speckle imaging in avian embryos through intact egg in early incubation stage

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          Abstract

          Monitoring the vital signs of a developing embryo is very useful in avian breeding programs, especially during early days of incubation, so that dead or unfertilized eggs can be timely removed from incubator and new eggs can be placed in. A noninvasive system for detecting the vital signs of avian embryo through intact egg in early stage of incubation has been developed using laser speckle imaging (LSI). The system was based on the measurement of intensity fluctuations of speckle caused by the embryo’s blood flow in the intact egg under laser light illumination. This system was found to be feasible in imaging the vasculature in the egg as well as confirming its fertilization or survival from the second day to fifth day of incubation while other reported noninvasive methods cannot detect vital signs of the embryo until the sixth day of incubation.

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          Review of laser speckle contrast techniques for visualizing tissue perfusion

          When a diffuse object is illuminated with coherent laser light, the backscattered light will form an interference pattern on the detector. This pattern of bright and dark areas is called a speckle pattern. When there is movement in the object, the speckle pattern will change over time. Laser speckle contrast techniques use this change in speckle pattern to visualize tissue perfusion. We present and review the contribution of laser speckle contrast techniques to the field of perfusion visualization and discuss the development of the techniques.
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            In vivo micro particle image velocimetry measurements of blood-plasma in the embryonic avian heart.

            The measurement of blood-plasma velocity distributions with spatial and temporal resolution in vivo is inevitable for the determination of shear stress distributions in complex geometries at unsteady flow conditions like in the beating heart. A non-intrusive, whole-field velocity measurement technique is required that is capable of measuring instantaneous flow fields at sub-millimeter scales in highly unsteady flows. Micro particle image velocimetry (muPIV) meets these demands, but requires special consideration and methodologies in order to be utilized for in vivo studies in medical and biological research. We adapt muPIV to measure the blood-plasma velocity in the beating heart of a chicken embryo. In the current work, bio-inert, fluorescent liposomes with a nominal diameter of 400 nm are added to the flow as a tracer. Because of their small dimension and neutral buoyancy the liposomes closely follow the movement of the blood-plasma and allow the determination of the velocity gradient close to the wall. The measurements quantitatively resolve the velocity distribution in the developing ventricle and atrium of the embryo at nine different stages within the cardiac cycle. Up to 400 velocity vectors per measurement give detailed insight into the fluid dynamics of the primitive beating heart. A rapid peristaltic contraction accelerates the flow to peak velocities of 26 mm/s, with the velocity distribution showing a distinct asymmetrical profile in the highly curved section of the outflow tract. In relation to earlier published gene-expression experiments, the results underline the significance of fluid forces for embryonic cardiogenesis. In general, the measurements demonstrate that muPIV has the potential to develop into a general tool for instationary flow conditions in complex flow geometries encountered in cardiovascular research.
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              Imaging cerebral blood flow through the intact rat skull with temporal laser speckle imaging.

              We discovered that laser speckle temporal contrast analysis (LSTCA) is able to access the two-dimensional (2D) cerebral blood flow velocity and vessel structure through the intact rat skull. It is demonstrated that LSTCA can significantly suppress the influence of the laser speckle from the stationary structure, such as the skull, and thus reveal the blood flow and morphology of blood vessels through the laser speckle images recorded from the intact rat skull.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Biomed Opt Express
                Biomed Opt Express
                BOE
                Biomedical Optics Express
                Optical Society of America
                2156-7085
                10 December 2012
                01 January 2013
                10 December 2012
                : 4
                : 1
                : 32-37
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics—Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
                [2 ]Zhong Nan Hospital, Wuhan 430000, China
                [3 ]These authors contributed equally
                Author notes
                Article
                176855
                10.1364/BOE.4.000032
                3539197
                23304645
                b6a07bc3-b96b-4115-910b-5b7309a4cd06
                ©2012 Optical Society of America

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 Unported License, which permits download and redistribution, provided that the original work is properly cited. This license restricts the article from being modified or used commercially.

                History
                : 3 October 2012
                : 3 November 2012
                : 5 November 2012
                Funding
                Funded by: National High Technology Research and Development Program of China
                Award ID: 2012AA011602
                Funded by: Science Fund for Creative Research Group of China
                Award ID: 61121004
                Funded by: National Natural Science Foundation of China
                Award ID: 30970964
                Award ID: 30800339
                Categories
                Speckle Imaging and Diagnostics
                Custom metadata
                True
                0

                Vision sciences
                (000.1430) biology and medicine,(110.6150) speckle imaging
                Vision sciences
                (000.1430) biology and medicine, (110.6150) speckle imaging

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