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      Electro-optic characterization of synthesized infrared-visible light fields

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          Abstract

          The measurement and control of light field oscillations enable the study of ultrafast phenomena on sub-cycle time scales. Electro-optic sampling (EOS) is a powerful field characterization approach, in terms of both sensitivity and dynamic range, but it has not reached beyond infrared frequencies. Here, we show the synthesis of a sub-cycle infrared-visible pulse and subsequent complete electric field characterization using EOS. The sampled bandwidth spans from 700 nm to 2700 nm (428 to 110 THz). Tailored electric-field waveforms are generated with a two-channel field synthesizer in the infrared-visible range, with a full-width at half-maximum duration as short as 3.8 fs at a central wavelength of 1.7 µm (176 THz). EOS detection of the complete bandwidth of these waveforms extends it into the visible spectral range. To demonstrate the power of our approach, we use the sub-cycle transients to inject carriers in a thin quartz sample for nonlinear photoconductive field sampling with sub-femtosecond resolution.

          Abstract

          A continuum spanning from 300 and 3000 nm is used to synthesize a single-cycle field transient and measure its waveform through electro-optic sampling, speeding up this sensitive technique so that it can access the electric field of visible light.

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          Most cited references55

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          Attosecond control of electronic processes by intense light fields.

          The amplitude and frequency of laser light can be routinely measured and controlled on a femtosecond (10(-15) s) timescale. However, in pulses comprising just a few wave cycles, the amplitude envelope and carrier frequency are not sufficient to characterize and control laser radiation, because evolution of the light field is also influenced by a shift of the carrier wave with respect to the pulse peak. This so-called carrier-envelope phase has been predicted and observed to affect strong-field phenomena, but random shot-to-shot shifts have prevented the reproducible guiding of atomic processes using the electric field of light. Here we report the generation of intense, few-cycle laser pulses with a stable carrier envelope phase that permit the triggering and steering of microscopic motion with an ultimate precision limited only by quantum mechanical uncertainty. Using these reproducible light waveforms, we create light-induced atomic currents in ionized matter; the motion of the electronic wave packets can be controlled on timescales shorter than 250 attoseconds (250 x 10(-18) s). This enables us to control the attosecond temporal structure of coherent soft X-ray emission produced by the atomic currents--these X-ray photons provide a sensitive and intuitive tool for determining the carrier-envelope phase.
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            Atomic transient recorder.

            In Bohr's model of the hydrogen atom, the electron takes about 150 attoseconds (1 as = 10(-18) s) to orbit around the proton, defining the characteristic timescale for dynamics in the electronic shell of atoms. Recording atomic transients in real time requires excitation and probing on this scale. The recent observation of single sub-femtosecond (1 fs = 10(-15) s) extreme ultraviolet (XUV) light pulses has stimulated the extension of techniques of femtochemistry into the attosecond regime. Here we demonstrate the generation and measurement of single 250-attosecond XUV pulses. We use these pulses to excite atoms, which in turn emit electrons. An intense, waveform-controlled, few cycle laser pulse obtains 'tomographic images' of the time-momentum distribution of the ejected electrons. Tomographic images of primary (photo)electrons yield accurate information of the duration and frequency sweep of the excitation pulse, whereas the same measurements on secondary (Auger) electrons will provide insight into the relaxation dynamics of the electronic shell following excitation. With the current approximately 750-nm laser probe and approximately 100-eV excitation, our transient recorder is capable of resolving atomic electron dynamics within the Bohr orbit time.
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              Single-cycle nonlinear optics.

              Nonlinear optics plays a central role in the advancement of optical science and laser-based technologies. We report on the confinement of the nonlinear interaction of light with matter to a single wave cycle and demonstrate its utility for time-resolved and strong-field science. The electric field of 3.3-femtosecond, 0.72-micron laser pulses with a controlled and measured waveform ionizes atoms near the crests of the central wave cycle, with ionization being virtually switched off outside this interval. Isolated sub-100-attosecond pulses of extreme ultraviolet light (photon energy approximately 80 electron volts), containing approximately 0.5 nanojoule of energy, emerge from the interaction with a conversion efficiency of approximately 10(-6). These tools enable the study of the precision control of electron motion with light fields and electron-electron interactions with a resolution approaching the atomic unit of time ( approximately 24 attoseconds).
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                nicholas.karpowicz@mpq.mpg.de
                Journal
                Nat Commun
                Nat Commun
                Nature Communications
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2041-1723
                2 March 2022
                2 March 2022
                2022
                : 13
                : 1111
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.450272.6, ISNI 0000 0001 1011 8465, Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, ; Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
                [2 ]GRID grid.5252.0, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 973X, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, ; Am Coulombwall 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
                [3 ]Ultrafast Innovations GmbH, Am Coulombwall 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
                [4 ]GRID grid.494551.8, ISNI 0000 0004 6477 0549, CNR NANOTEC Institute of Nanotechnology, via Monteroni, ; 73100 Lecce, Italy
                [5 ]GRID grid.47840.3f, ISNI 0000 0001 2181 7878, Present Address: Department of Chemistry, , University of California, ; Berkeley, CA USA
                [6 ]GRID grid.445003.6, ISNI 0000 0001 0725 7771, Present Address: SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, ; 2575 Sand Hill Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1710-0775
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3137-3144
                Article
                28699
                10.1038/s41467-022-28699-6
                8891359
                35236857
                b474ea0d-f9a9-4fe4-ba38-6508a719e056
                © The Author(s) 2022

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 8 June 2021
                : 8 January 2022
                Categories
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                © The Author(s) 2022

                Uncategorized
                terahertz optics,ultrafast photonics,optical techniques,high-harmonic generation
                Uncategorized
                terahertz optics, ultrafast photonics, optical techniques, high-harmonic generation

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