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      A method for deriving leading causes of death Translated title: Méthode de détermination des principales causes de décès Translated title: Método para calcular las causas principales de defunción

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          Abstract

          OBJECTIVE: A standard list for ranking leading causes of death worldwide does not exist. WHO headquarters, regional offices and Member States all use different lists that have varying levels of detail. We sought to derive a standard list to enable countries to identify their leading causes of death and to permit comparison between countries. Our aim is to share the criteria and methodology we used to bring some order to the construction of such a list, to provide a consistent procedure that can be used by others, and to give researchers and data owners an opportunity to utilize the list at national and subnational levels. METHODS: Results were primarily data-driven. Data from individual countries representing different regions of the world were extracted from the WHO Mortality Database. Supplementary information from WHO estimates on mortality was used for regions where data were scarce. In addition, a set of criteria was used to group the candidate causes and to determine other causes that should be included on the list. FINDINGS: A ranking list of the leading causes of death that contains broad cause groupings (such as "all cancers", "all heart diseases" or "all accidents") is not effective and does not identify the leading individual causes within these broad groupings; thus it does not allow policy-makers to generate appropriate health advocacy and cost-effective interventions. Similarly, defining candidate causal groups too narrowly or including diseases that have a low frequency does not meet these objectives. CONCLUSION: For international comparisons, we recommend that countries use this list; it is based on extensive evidence and the application of public health disease-prevention criteria. It is not driven by political or financial motives. This list may be adapted for national statistical purposes.

          Translated abstract

          OBJECTIF: Il n'existe pas de liste standard permettant de classer les principales causes de décès à l'échelle mondiale. Le siège de l'OMS, les Bureaux régionaux de cette organisation et ses États Membres utilisent tous des listes différentes, dont le niveau de détail est variable. La présente étude visait la mise au point d'une liste standard, permettant aux pays d'identifier les principales causes de décès sur leur territoire et de dresser des comparaisons entre pays. L'objectif est de fixer une méthodologie et des critères communs pour rationaliser l'organisation d'une telle liste, de définir une procédure cohérente utilisable par des tiers et d'offrir aux chercheurs et aux détenteurs de données la possibilité d'utiliser la liste à des niveaux nationaux et supranationaux. MÉTHODES: Les résultats de l'étude reposent principalement sur des chiffres. Des données provenant de différents pays représentatifs de diverses régions du monde ont été extraites de la base de données de mortalité de l'OMS. Dans le cas des régions pour lesquelles les données sont rares, l'étude a recouru également aux estimations de la mortalité de l'OMS. En outre, un jeu de critères a été utilisé pour regrouper les causes proposées et pour retenir des causes supplémentaires à introduire dans la liste. RÉSULTATS: Un classement des causes principales de mortalité reposant sur des regroupements causals larges (tels que « l'ensemble des cancers », « l'ensemble des cardiopathies » ou « tous les accidents ») manque d'efficacité et ne permet pas d'identifier les causes individuelles majeures de mortalité au sein de ces regroupements, d'où l'impossibilité pour les décideurs de trouver des arguments sanitaires appropriés et de lancer des interventions présentant un bon rapport coût/efficacité. Ces objectifs sont également impossibles à remplir lorsqu'on définit de manière trop étroite les regroupements causals ou lorsqu'on y inclut des maladies peu fréquentes. CONCLUSION: Il est recommandé aux pays d'utiliser cette liste pour établir des comparaisons avec les autres nations; elle repose sur une grande quantité de données et sur l'application de critères de santé publique visant la prévention des maladies. Elle ne s'inspire d'aucune motivation politique ou financière et peut être adoptée pour l'établissement de statistiques nationales.

          Translated abstract

          OBJETIVO: No existe una lista estándar para jerarquizar las causas principales de defunción a nivel mundial. La sede de la OMS, sus oficinas regionales y los Estados Miembros utilizan diferentes listas, con diverso grado de detalle. Decidimos elaborar una lista estándar que permitiera a los países identificar sus causas principales de defunción e hiciera posible las comparaciones entre países. Nuestro objetivo es compartir los criterios y metodología utilizados para introducir cierto orden en la elaboración de tal lista, presentar un procedimiento coherente que otros puedan utilizar, y brindar a los investigadores y los dueños de los datos la oportunidad de utilizar la lista a nivel nacional y subnacional. MÉTODOS: Los resultados se basan principalmente en los datos empleados. A partir de la Base de Datos de la OMS sobre Mortalidad, se extrajeron datos sobre países representativos de diferentes regiones del mundo. En el caso de las regiones con escasez de datos, se usó información complementaria procedente de las estimaciones de la OMS sobre la mortalidad. Además, se empleó un conjunto de criterios para agrupar las causas consideradas y determinar qué otras causas debían incluirse en la lista. RESULTADOS: Una jerarquización de las causas principales de defunción con grupos de causas generales (como «todos los cánceres», «todas las cardiopatías» o «todos los accidentes») carece de eficacia y no permite identificar las causas individuales principales dentro de esos grupos amplios; el resultado es que las instancias normativas no pueden desarrollar intervenciones costoeficaces de promoción de la salud. De manera análoga, si los grupos causales considerados se definen de forma demasiado estricta o incluyendo enfermedades que ocurren con escasa frecuencia, tampoco es posible lograr esos objetivos. CONCLUSIÓN: Recomendamos que los países utilicen en sus comparaciones internacionales la lista propuesta, por cuanto está basada en una amplia evidencia y en criterios de prevención de enfermedades basados en la salud pública, no en criterios políticos o financieros. La lista puede adaptarse en función de las necesidades nacionales en materia de estadísticas.

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          International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems –

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            World health report (2004): Changing History

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              Recommended framework for presenting injury mortality data.

              (1997)
              Injuries are a substantial and preventable public health problem and account for approximately 6% of deaths in the United States. Many injury epidemiology and injury control programs depend on injury mortality and morbidity data aggregated by external cause of injury codes (E codes) for program planning and evaluation. This report provides a framework for the uniform tabulation and analysis of injury mortality data classified by the Ninth Revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-9) (a subsequent report will address the application of this framework to injury morbidity data). Standard ICD-9 E-code groupings are presented in the form of a matrix and are depicted as mechanism by intent of injury. All cells in the matrix are mutually exclusive. Injury mortality data from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) are presented in the matrix for 1993 to illustrate numbers of deaths within each cell Justifications are given for assigning E codes to major categories and subcategories within the matrix. The groupings of external causes presented in this framework were developed by CDC (National Center for Injury Prevention and Control [NCIPC] and NCHS) in collaboration with members of the American Public Health Association's Injury Control and Emergency Health Services Section (ICEHS). These groupings are intended to assist persons involved in planning and evaluating injury control programs at national, state, and local levels and are relevant for all persons who collect, code, analyze, and report injury data. Public health researchers and other public health professionals are encouraged to adopt or adapt these groupings as a minimum framework for tabulating injury deaths and death rates. For historical continuity, vital statistics programs will continue to use tabulation standards based on both the guidelines of the World Health Organization and derivative lists developed by CDC (NCHS) for presentation of national mortality statistics. The proposed framework can be used to supplement these tabulation standards by providing more detailed presentations of injury deaths and death rates, which are useful for making policy decisions and planning injury prevention activities.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                bwho
                Bulletin of the World Health Organization
                Bull World Health Organ
                World Health Organization (Genebra, Genebra, Switzerland )
                0042-9686
                April 2006
                : 84
                : 4
                : 297-304
                Affiliations
                [01] Washington DC orgnamePan American Health Organization USA
                [02] Geneva orgnameWorld Health Organization Switzerland
                [03] São Paulo orgnameUniversity of São Paulo orgdiv1WHO Collaborating Centre for the Family of International Classifications in Portuguese Brazil
                Article
                S0042-96862006000400014 S0042-9686(06)08400414
                10.2471/blt.05.028670
                16628303
                b3df6d9c-12d2-4ee8-825f-65e59939519c

                History
                : 29 November 2005
                : 29 November 2005
                : 04 December 2005
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 9, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Public Health

                Self URI: Full text available only in PDF format (EN)
                Categories
                Research

                Mortalidad,Causa de muerte,Mortality,Cause of death,Mortalité,Cause décès

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