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      A Symmetrical Diester as the Sex Attractant Pheromone of the North American Click Beetle Parallelostethus attenuatus (Say) (Coleoptera: Elateridae)

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          Treating panel traps with a fluoropolymer enhances their efficiency in capturing cerambycid beetles.

          The most effective traps for capturing cerambycids and other saproxylic beetles are intercept designs such as funnel traps and cross-vane panel traps. We have observed that adult cerambycids of many species often alight and walk upon panel traps, and few are actually captured. In an effort to improve trap capture and retention, researchers have treated intercept traps with Rain-X, a polysiloxane formulation that renders surfaces more slippery. Here, we summarize experiments that compared the efficacies of Rain-X and Fluon, a PTFE fluoropolymer dispersion, assurface treatments for panel traps that are deployed to capture cerambycid beetles, using untreated traps as controls. Fluon-treated traps captured on average > 14x the total number of beetles, and many more cerambycid species, than were captured by Rain-X-treated or control traps. Beetles captured by Fluon-treated traps ranged in body length by 350%. They could not walk on vertical panels treated with Fluon but easily walked on those treated with Rain-X and on untreated traps. Moreover, a single Fluon treatment remained effective for the entire field season, even in inclement weather. We conclude that treating panel traps with Fluon greatly improves their efficiency in capturing cerambycid beetles. This increased efficacy will be particularly important when traps are deployed to detect very low-density populations, such as incursions of exotic species, or remnant communities of rare and endangered species. The influence of Fluon on trap efficiency may vary with product formulation and its source and also with climatic conditions.
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            Sex pheromone of Elater ferrugineus L. (Coleoptera: Elateridae).

            The rare European click beetle, Elater ferrugineus L., develops exclusively in old, hollow deciduous trees. As a result of massive habitat loss caused by modern forestry, it is threatened throughout its entire distribution range and regarded as an indicator species for undamaged natural forests. As E. ferrugineus lives cryptically and its populations are frequently overlooked, we investigated its sex pheromone to develop a reliable detection tool. Pheromone gland extracts of single female E. ferrugineus were examined by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). All samples contained 7-methyloctyl 5-methylhexanoate, 7-methyloctyl octanoate, 7-methyloctyl 7-methyloctanoate, and 7-methyloctyl (Z)-4-decenoate in a ratio of approximately 1:1:3:3. Structures of all four esters, which have not been reported as pheromone compounds before, were confirmed by synthesis. A blend of the components was tested in the field and proved to be attractive for E. ferrugineus males, which were found to swarm exclusively during the day. This blend provides a noninvasive and effective monitoring method for this cryptic species, promising future collection records of E. ferrugineus in regions where it exists below the limit of detection by conventional collecting methods.
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              Pheromones and attractants of click beetles: an overview

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal of Chemical Ecology
                J Chem Ecol
                Springer Science and Business Media LLC
                0098-0331
                1573-1561
                August 2022
                April 09 2022
                August 2022
                : 48
                : 7-8
                : 598-608
                Article
                10.1007/s10886-022-01360-8
                35397045
                b36d99fb-6e4c-4fe0-954b-90cc270ff696
                © 2022

                https://www.springer.com/tdm

                https://www.springer.com/tdm

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