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      Spatial dynamics of a zoonotic orthohantavirus disease through heterogenous data on rodents, rodent infections, and human disease

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          Abstract

          Zoonotic diseases are challenging to study from the ecological point of view as, broadly speaking, datasets tend to be either detailed on a small spatial extent, or coarse on a large spatial extent. Also, there are many ways to assess zoonotic disease transmission systems, from pathogens to hosts to humans. We explore the complementarity of datasets considering the pathogen in its host, the host and human cases in the context of Puumala orthohantavirus infection in Germany. We selected relevant environmental predictors using a conceptual framework based on resource-based habitats. This framework assesses the functions, and associated environmental resources of the pathogen and associated host. A resource-based habitat framework supports variable selection and result interpretation. Multiplying ‘keyholes’ to view a zoonotic disease transmission system is valuable, but requires a strong conceptual framework to select and interpret environmental explanatory variables. This study highlights the usefulness of a structured, ecology-based approach to study drivers of zoonotic diseases at the level of virus, host, and human - not only for PUUV but also for other zoonotic pathogens. Our results show that human disease cases are best explained by a combination of variables related to zoonotic pathogen circulation and human exposure.

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          A global perspective on hantavirus ecology, epidemiology, and disease.

          Hantaviruses are enzootic viruses that maintain persistent infections in their rodent hosts without apparent disease symptoms. The spillover of these viruses to humans can lead to one of two serious illnesses, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. In recent years, there has been an improved understanding of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and natural history of these viruses following an increase in the number of outbreaks in the Americas. In this review, current concepts regarding the ecology of and disease associated with these serious human pathogens are presented. Priorities for future research suggest an integration of the ecology and evolution of these and other host-virus ecosystems through modeling and hypothesis-driven research with the risk of emergence, host switching/spillover, and disease transmission to humans.
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            Which is the optimal sampling strategy for habitat suitability modelling

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              Prolonged survival of Puumala hantavirus outside the host: evidence for indirect transmission via the environment.

              The capability of rodent-borne viruses to survive outside the host is critical for the transmission dynamics within rodent populations and to humans. The transmission of Puumala virus (PUUV) in colonized bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus) was investigated and additional longevity studies in cell culture with PUUV and Tula (TULV) hantaviruses were performed. Wild-type PUUV excreted by experimentally infected donor bank voles was shown to be transmitted indirectly between rodents through contaminated beddings, and maintained its infectivity to recipient voles at room temperature for 12-15 days. In cell culture supernatants, PUUV and TULV remained infectious for 5-11 days at room temperature and up to 18 days at 4 degrees C, but were inactivated after 24 h at 37 degrees C. Interestingly, a fraction of dried virus was still infectious after 1 h at 56 degrees C. These results demonstrated that hantavirus transmission does not require direct contact between rodents, or between rodents and humans, and that the indirect transmission of PUUV through contaminated environment takes place among the rodents for a prolonged period of time. The results also have implications for safety recommendations for work with hantaviruses and for preventive measures.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                sophie.vanwambeke@uclouvain.be
                Journal
                Sci Rep
                Sci Rep
                Scientific Reports
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2045-2322
                20 February 2019
                20 February 2019
                2019
                : 9
                : 2329
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2294 713X, GRID grid.7942.8, Georges Lemaître centre for Earth and Climate research, Earth & Life Institute, , Université catholique de Louvain, ; Place Pasteur 3 L4.03.08, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
                [2 ]GRID grid.417834.d, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, ; Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
                [3 ]GRID grid.452463.2, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hamburg-Luebeck-Borstel-Insel Riems, ; D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
                [4 ]Julius Kühn-Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Protection in Horticulture and Forests, Vertebrate Research, Toppheideweg 88, D-48161 Münster, Germany
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6620-6173
                Article
                38802
                10.1038/s41598-019-38802-5
                6382775
                30787344
                b006074e-9401-4daa-8fb1-31203cdbbb95
                © The Author(s) 2019

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 19 February 2018
                : 31 December 2018
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/501100004963, EC | Seventh Framework Programme (EC Seventh Framework Programme);
                Award ID: FP7-261504EDENext
                Award ID: FP7-261504EDENext
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/501100002347, Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (Federal Ministry of Education and Research);
                Award ID: 01KI1721A
                Award ID: 01KI1721A
                Award ID: 01KI1721E
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/100007636, Deutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt (German Federal Environmental Foundation);
                Award ID: 3709 41 401
                Award ID: 3713 48 401
                Award Recipient :
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