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      Body Movements for Affective Expression: A Survey of Automatic Recognition and Generation

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          Most cited references131

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          Are there basic emotions?

          Paul Ekman (1992)
          Ortony and Turner's (1990) arguments against those who adopt the view that there are basic emotions are challenged. The evidence on universals in expression and in physiology strongly suggests that there is a biological basis to the emotions that have been studied. Ortony and Turner's reviews of this literature are faulted, and their alternative theoretical explanations do not fit the evidence. The utility of the basic emotions approach is also shown in terms of the research it has generated.
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            A survey of affect recognition methods: audio, visual, and spontaneous expressions.

            Automated analysis of human affective behavior has attracted increasing attention from researchers in psychology, computer science, linguistics, neuroscience, and related disciplines. However, the existing methods typically handle only deliberately displayed and exaggerated expressions of prototypical emotions despite the fact that deliberate behaviour differs in visual appearance, audio profile, and timing from spontaneously occurring behaviour. To address this problem, efforts to develop algorithms that can process naturally occurring human affective behaviour have recently emerged. Moreover, an increasing number of efforts are reported toward multimodal fusion for human affect analysis including audiovisual fusion, linguistic and paralinguistic fusion, and multi-cue visual fusion based on facial expressions, head movements, and body gestures. This paper introduces and surveys these recent advances. We first discuss human emotion perception from a psychological perspective. Next we examine available approaches to solving the problem of machine understanding of human affective behavior, and discuss important issues like the collection and availability of training and test data. We finally outline some of the scientific and engineering challenges to advancing human affect sensing technology.
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              Evidence for a three-factor theory of emotions

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing
                IEEE Trans. Affective Comput.
                Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
                1949-3045
                October 2013
                October 2013
                : 4
                : 4
                : 341-359
                Article
                10.1109/T-AFFC.2013.29
                acfa140d-66e0-42f1-b72d-14bff4b0382f
                © 2013
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