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      The convergence of environmental crime with other serious crimes: Subtypes within the environmental crime continuum

      1 , 1
      European Journal of Criminology
      SAGE Publications

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          Abstract

          The rising global scarcity of natural resources increasingly attracts transnational criminal organizations. Organized crime syndicates diversify into the lucrative business of tropical timber, endangered species, and natural minerals, alongside their traditional activities. The developing interconnectedness between environmental crime and other serious crimes shows that traditional lines of separation are no longer appropriate for understanding and dealing with the increasing complexities of organized crime. Therefore, this article aims to analyse the nexus between environmental crime and other serious crimes through cluster analyses to identify subtypes of organized crime groups that have diversified into the illegal trade in natural resources. The two-step cluster algorithm found a cluster solution with three distinct clusters of subtypes of criminal groups that diversified into the illegal trade in natural resources in various ways: first, the Green Organized Crime cluster, with a high degree of diversification and domination; second, the Green Opportunistic Crime cluster, with flexible and fluid groups that partially diversify their criminal activities; and, third, the low-level diversifiers of the Green Camouflaged Crime cluster, shadowing their illegal businesses with legitimate companies. The three clusters can be related to specific stages within the environmental crime continuum, albeit with nuances.

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          Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities.

          Conservationists are far from able to assist all species under threat, if only for lack of funding. This places a premium on priorities: how can we support the most species at the least cost? One way is to identify 'biodiversity hotspots' where exceptional concentrations of endemic species are undergoing exceptional loss of habitat. As many as 44% of all species of vascular plants and 35% of all species in four vertebrate groups are confined to 25 hotspots comprising only 1.4% of the land surface of the Earth. This opens the way for a 'silver bullet' strategy on the part of conservation planners, focusing on these hotspots in proportion to their share of the world's species at risk.
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            Finding Groups in Data

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              Cluster Analysis

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                (View ORCID Profile)
                Journal
                European Journal of Criminology
                European Journal of Criminology
                SAGE Publications
                1477-3708
                1741-2609
                February 10 2020
                : 147737082090458
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Utrecht University, The Netherlands
                Article
                10.1177/1477370820904585
                ac9fd921-8c88-461b-a3c3-c6514e1d50a5
                © 2020

                http://journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license

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