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      Forged in the Floods: Transnational Networks in the Habsburg Monarchy

      research-article
      Water History
      Springer Netherlands
      Habsburg monarchy, Austria, Hungary, Transnational, Hydraulic engineering, Empire-building, Environment

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          Abstract

          Riparian communities in the Habsburg monarchy experienced perennial flooding with tragedy often eliciting heroics and generosity. What made these empathetic responses even more admirable was their juxtaposition with the antipathy that nationalist groups expressed in the political realm in the monarchy’s final decades. Studying government and public responses to flooding in the nineteenth century demonstrates the critical link between empire and environment which forged transnational communities through floods of adversity, charity and cooperation. As this paper is part of a special issue, Water History in the time of COVID-19, it has undergone modified peer review.

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          Most cited references12

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          The variability of European floods since AD 1500

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            Urban land for a growing city at the banks of a moving river: Vienna's spread into the Danube island Unterer Werd from the late 17th to the beginning of the 20th century

            In the relation between urban development and the Viennese Danube different periods can be identified from the late 17th to the early 20th century. These periods were strongly intertwined with both the history of the river and the history of the city. Urban expansion into the floodplains is demonstrated in this paper by investigating the island Unterer Werd, next to the city centre. In the late 17th century the fluvial dynamic still hampered urban development on the island. First measures to stabilise the river banks and to protect buildings from floods were taken soon thereafter, but the majority of practices aimed at mitigating the risks and impacts of the frequent floods: inundation was a part of the arrangement and the main target was to minimise the potential impacts. This practice also prevailed after the 1830s, when urban expansion began to move into the north and northwest of the island and the Danube floodplains were considered an important land resource for the growing city. In connection with new technologies and available means to channelise the river, the relationship between Vienna and the Danube changed fundamentally. Urban development in the riverine landscape gained new momentum. This process was initiated before the Great Danube Regulation from 1870 to 1875 was completed, the rate of growth accelerated after 1875. The last decades of the 19th century mark a turning point in the urban development of Vienna, with expanding urban areas becoming dependent upon a well functioning and maintained flood protection system.
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              Historical floods in Europe in the past millennium

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                rsmevissen@gmail.com
                Journal
                Water Hist
                Water Hist
                Water History
                Springer Netherlands (Dordrecht )
                1877-7236
                1877-7244
                31 October 2020
                : 1-16
                Affiliations
                GRID grid.264271.4, ISNI 0000 0000 9827 7702, History and Philosophy Department, , SUNY College at Old Westbury, ; Old Westbury, NY USA
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0440-0402
                Article
                262
                10.1007/s12685-020-00262-4
                7599978
                ac70405a-144f-4c66-aeb5-da1b000f5ef0
                © Springer Nature B.V. 2020

                This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

                History
                : 20 August 2020
                : 21 October 2020
                Categories
                Article

                habsburg monarchy,austria,hungary,transnational,hydraulic engineering,empire-building,environment

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