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      Context-dependent memory recall in HMD-based immersive virtual environments

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          Abstract

          The article introduces an original VR-based experiment which explores context-dependent memory recall in humans. It specifically examines the recall of correct and falsely induced semantic memories. With the aid of VR head-mounted displays, 92 students of psychology were placed in a computer-generated indoor virtual environment and asked to memorize the presented lists of words. Afterwards, the participants were placed in the same indoor virtual environment or an alternative outdoor virtual environment and asked to recall the words. The number of correct and falsely induced words was then measured. On average, women recalled significantly more correct words from the list than men, regardless of the environmental context. Despite the assumptions, we did not observe a separate effect of exposure to different environments during learning and recall of material on memory performance. Likewise, we did not detect any effects of the learning context or biological sex in the case of the production of false memories. These results provide a novel insight into previous knowledge regarding the memory processes that occur in virtual environments. Although we failed to confirm the role of context in recalling learned material in general, we found a hint that this context might interact with specific memory processes of biological sexes. However, the design of this study only captured the effect of changing the environment during memory recall and did not address the role of specific context in remembering learning material. Further research is therefore needed to better investigate these phenomena and examine the role of biological sex in context-dependent memory processes.

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          lmerTest Package: Tests in Linear Mixed Effects Models

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            On the prediction of occurrence of particular verbal intrusions in immediate recall.

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              A discussion of cybersickness in virtual environments

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: ResourcesRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Formal analysisRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: SoftwareRole: Visualization
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS One
                plos
                PLOS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                4 August 2023
                2023
                : 18
                : 8
                : e0289079
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
                [2 ] Behavioral and Social Neuroscience Research Group, CEITEC – Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
                [3 ] Department of Neurology, St. Anne’s University Hospital and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
                [4 ] Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
                [5 ] Institute of Psychology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
                Politecnico di Torino, ITALY
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8779-1666
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0419-5856
                Article
                PONE-D-23-01390
                10.1371/journal.pone.0289079
                10403131
                a5d6390f-3c60-4e48-941a-ae07d2038d0c
                © 2023 Chocholáčková et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 17 January 2023
                : 11 July 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 4, Pages: 15
                Funding
                The author(s) received no specific funding for this work.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Neuroscience
                Cognitive Science
                Cognition
                Memory
                Memory Recall
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                Learning and Memory
                Memory
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                False Memories
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                Custom metadata
                The aggregated data for individual users analyzed in this study and the R script for statistical analysis are available in the Zenodo repository at: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8092672.

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