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      Is empathy one of the Big Three? Identifying its role in a dual-process model of ideology and blatant and subtle prejudice

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          Abstract

          In the field of the social psychology of prejudice, John Duckitt's Dual-Process Cognitive-Motivational Model of Ideology and Prejudice has gained a firm grounding over the past decade and a half, while empathy has become one of the most powerful predictors of prejudice, alongside right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation. This study integrates empathy into the dual-process model, exploring the effects of this variable, along with the impact of personality and ideological attitudes, on prejudice in both its blatant and subtle forms. A cross-sectional research design was used to collect data from 260 university students by self-report measures. Despite its cross-sectional nature, a pattern of causal relationships was hypothesized according to experimental and longitudinal findings from previous studies. The path analysis results show that in the model fitted to the data, empathy does not have any direct impact on prejudice, although it plays a significant role in the prediction of prejudice towards a particular immigrant group. On the other hand, the dual-process model is confirmed in the explanation of blatant prejudice and, in a weaker and indirect way, of subtle prejudice; sustaining the distinctive nature of these constructs on some differential predictors and paths. In the discussion, this study proposes that when ideological and personality-based variables are both included in the model, general empathy is not so robust in the explanation of prejudice, since some of the empathetic components might become diluted among other covariates. But even so, its indirect effectiveness through personality and ideological attitudes remains relevant.

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          Subtle and blatant prejudice in western Europe

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            Sexism and racism: Old-fashioned and modern prejudices.

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              Empathy: A Review of the Concept

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: MethodologyRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                5 April 2018
                2018
                : 13
                : 4
                : e0195470
                Affiliations
                [001]Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
                University of Bologna, ITALY
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7493-4664
                Article
                PONE-D-17-30090
                10.1371/journal.pone.0195470
                5886567
                29621307
                a5be6aa3-ea1d-4b1f-aa3b-7e07d4be080b
                © 2018 Álvarez-Castillo et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 5 October 2017
                : 25 March 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Tables: 1, Pages: 21
                Funding
                The authors received no specific funding for this work.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Social Sciences
                Sociology
                Social Discrimination
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Psychology
                Personality
                Social Sciences
                Psychology
                Personality
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Psychology
                Emotions
                Social Sciences
                Psychology
                Emotions
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Psychology
                Personality
                Personality Traits
                Social Sciences
                Psychology
                Personality
                Personality Traits
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Neuroscience
                Cognitive Science
                Cognition
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Psychology
                Personality
                Personality Differences
                Social Sciences
                Psychology
                Personality
                Personality Differences
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Behavior
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Behavior
                Prosocial Behavior
                Altruistic Behavior
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Neuroscience
                Cognitive Science
                Cognitive Psychology
                Social Cognition
                Prosocial Behavior
                Altruistic Behavior
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Psychology
                Cognitive Psychology
                Social Cognition
                Prosocial Behavior
                Altruistic Behavior
                Social Sciences
                Psychology
                Cognitive Psychology
                Social Cognition
                Prosocial Behavior
                Altruistic Behavior
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Psychology
                Social Psychology
                Social Cognition
                Prosocial Behavior
                Altruistic Behavior
                Social Sciences
                Psychology
                Social Psychology
                Social Cognition
                Prosocial Behavior
                Altruistic Behavior
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