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      Smallholder family farmers’ perceptions, attitudes and choices regarding husbandry practices that influence performance and welfare of lactating dairy calves Translated title: Percepções, atitudes e escolhas de agricultores familiares acerca de práticas de manejo que influenciam o desempenho e o bem-estar de bezerras leiteiras lactentes

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT: This study aimed to describe the management practices used in dairy farms in the south of Brazil, and to understand farmers’ perceptions and attitudes regarding these practices. Farms (n=135) located in all 32 of the municipalities in the northern region of Rio Grande do Sul (Alto Uruguai Gaúcho), Brazil were characterized regarding all calf management practices during a farm visit where farms were inspected and farmers interviewed. In a second visit, 25 in depth interviews were done to understand farmers’ attitudes and perceptions towards these practices and potential influence on calves’ welfare and performance. Management of lactating calves was perceived by most of the interviewees as of marginal importance for dairy activity. In general farmers did not perceive animal welfare as relevant, and most chose management practices mainly based on practical, productive and economic factors. These conclusions are consistent with management practices used by farmers, many of which represent risk factors for low calves’ survival, growth and welfare. Seven factors (self-responsibility, economic ambition, technical assistance, family succession, urban experiences, specialization and family commitment) appeared to influence farmers’ perceptions, attitudes and choices regarding husbandry practices that affect the welfare and performance of calves, which may be considered when designing programs aiming to improve dairy calf management.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMO: Os objetivos deste estudo foram descrever as práticas de manejo usadas em granjas leiteiras no sul do Brasil e compreender as percepções e atitudes dos agricultores acerca destas práticas. Granjas (n=135), localizadas nos 32 municípios do norte do Rio Grande do Sul (Alto Uruguai Gaúcho), foram visitadas e caracterizadas em relação a todas as práticas de manejo da bezerra através de inspeção e entrevistas com os agricultores. Em outro momento, foram realizadas 25 entrevistas em profundidade para entender as percepções e atitudes dos agricultores acerca destas práticas e a sua potencial influência sobre o bem-estar e desempenho das bezerras. A maioria dos entrevistados percebia o manejo da bezerra como de importância marginal para a atividade. Em geral, os agricultores não perceberam o bem-estar animal como relevante e as práticas de manejo adotadas eram baseadas em fatores práticos e econômicos. Estas conclusões são consistentes com as práticas usadas pelos mesmos agricultores, muitas das quais representam fatores de risco para o bem-estar, crescimento e sobrevivência das bezerras. Sete fatores, (autorresponsibilidade, ambição econômica, assistência técnica, sucessão familiar, vivências, especialização e comprometimento familiar) aparentaram influenciar as percepções, atitudes e escolhas dos agricultores acerca das práticas de manejo que afetam o bem-estar e desempenho das bezerras. Estes fatores devem ser considerados na concepção de programas que visam melhorar o manejo da bezerra leiteira.

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          Invited review: effects of milk ration on solid feed intake, weaning, and performance in dairy heifers.

          A feeding regimen that allows a smooth transition from milk to solid feed is vital for successful heifer-rearing programs. In the past, research efforts have focused on the development of feeding methods that allow early weaning, perhaps because the risk of disease is highest during the milk feeding stage. To encourage early intake of calf starter, conventional feeding programs have limited the supply of milk (often to 10% of BW at birth). However, dairy calves provided free access to milk will typically consume more than twice this amount. We critically review the available literature examining the relationship between milk feeding method, solid feed consumption, and rumen development in young dairy calves and identify areas where new work is required. We conclude that milk-fed dairy calves can safely ingest milk at approximately 20% of body weight (BW)/d, and greater milk consumption supports greater BW gain, improved feed efficiency, reduced incidence of disease, and greater opportunity to express natural behaviors, which in combination suggest improved welfare. Method of weaning greatly influences feed consumption, rumen development, and growth check in calves provided higher amounts of milk. Gradual weaning encourages starter intake during the preweaning period, and both weaning age and duration of weaning influence this consumption. Increased solid feed consumption during the weaning process contributes to rumen development, permitting higher starter intake and BW gain after weaning. Growth factors in milk may also enhance the growth and maturation of the gastrointestinal tract, but more research is required to understand the role of these factors. Greater nutrient supply through increased amount of milk appears to improve immune function and long-term performance of heifer calves; for example, reducing the age at first breeding and increasing first-lactation milk yield, but more research is needed to confirm these effects. Copyright © 2011 American Dairy Science Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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            Invited review: The welfare of dairy cattle--key concepts and the role of science.

            Concerns about the welfare of animals typically include 3 questions: is the animal functioning well (e.g., good health, productivity, etc.), is the animal feeling well (e.g., absence of pain, etc.), and is the animal able to live according to its nature (e.g., perform natural behaviors that are thought to be important to it, such as grazing)? We review examples, primarily from our own research, showing how all 3 questions can be addressed using science. For example, we review work showing 1) how common diseases such as lameness can be better identified and prevented through improvements in the ways cows are housed and managed, 2) how pain caused by dehorning of dairy calves can be reduced, and 3) how environmental conditions affect cow preferences for indoor housing versus pasture. Disagreements about animal welfare can occur when different measures are used. For example, management systems that favor production may restrict natural behavior or can even lead to higher rates of disease. The best approaches are those that address all 3 types of concerns, for example, feeding systems for calves that allow expression of key behaviors (i.e., sucking on a teat), that avoid negative affect (i.e., hunger), and that allow for improved functioning (i.e., higher rates of body weight gain, and ultimately higher milk production).
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              Invited review: Effects of group housing of dairy calves on behavior, cognition, performance, and health

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                cr
                Ciência Rural
                Cienc. Rural
                Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (Santa Maria, RS, Brazil )
                0103-8478
                1678-4596
                November 2017
                : 47
                : 11
                : e20170184
                Affiliations
                [2] Uppsala orgnameSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences orgdiv1Department of Animal Environment and Health Sweden
                [3] Florianópolis Santa Catarina orgnameUniversidade Federal de Santa Catarina orgdiv1Laboratório de Etologia Aplicada e Bem-Estar Animal Brazil
                [1] Porto Alegre RS orgnameAssociação Riograndense de Empreendimentos de Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural Brasil
                Article
                S0103-84782017001100801 S0103-8478(17)04701100801
                10.1590/0103-8478cr20170184
                98ddf064-a784-405e-8353-56c254cccebb

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 17 March 2017
                : 02 August 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 27, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Rural Sociology

                suckling,bovinos jovens,dairy,lactation,young cattle,atividade leiteira,bezerra lactente,aleitamento

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