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      Homeschooling during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: the role of students’ trait self-regulation and task attributes of daily learning tasks for students’ daily self-regulation Translated title: Homeschooling während der SARS-CoV-2-Pandemie: Die Rolle dispositioneller Selbstregulation und Eigenschaften täglicher Lernaufgaben für die tägliche Selbstregulation von Schüler*innen

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          Abstract

          As a means to counter the SARS-CoV‑2 pandemic, schools were closed throughout Germany between mid-March and end of April 2020. Schooling was translocated to the students’ homes where students were supposed to work on learning tasks provided by their teachers. Students’ self-regulation and attributes of the learning tasks may be assumed to have played important roles when adapting to this novel schooling situation. They may be predicted to have influenced students’ daily self-regulation and hence the independence with which they worked on learning tasks. The present work investigated the role of students’ trait self-regulation as well as task difficulty and task enjoyment for students’ daily independence from their parents in learning during the homeschooling period. Data on children’s trait self-regulation were obtained through a baseline questionnaire filled in by the parents of 535 children ( M age  = 9.69, SD age  = 2.80). Parents additionally reported about the daily task difficulty, task enjoyment, and students’ learning independence through 21 consecutive daily online questionnaires. The results showed students’ trait self-regulation to be positively associated with their daily learning independence. Additionally, students’ daily learning independence was shown to be negatively associated with task difficulty and positively with task enjoyment. The findings are discussed with regard to students’ daily self-regulation during the homeschooling period. Finally, implications for teaching practice during the pandemic-related school closures are derived.

          Translated abstract

          Um die SARS-CoV-2-Pandemie einzudämmen, wurden zwischen Mitte März und Ende April 2020 deutschlandweit alle Schulen geschlossen. Während dieser Zeit wurden die Schüler*innen zu Hause beschult (‚Homeschooling‘) und arbeiteten an Lernaufgaben, die von ihren Lehrkräften bereitgestellt wurden. Bei der Anpassung an diese neuartige Beschulungssituation könnten sowohl die Selbstregulation der Schüler*innen als auch die Eigenschaften der Lernaufgaben eine wichtige Rolle gespielt haben. Es ist anzunehmen, dass diese insbesondere die tagtägliche Selbstregulation der Schüler*innen beim Bearbeiten der Lernaufgaben und damit die Selbstständigkeit, mit der sie an den Lernaufgaben arbeiteten beeinflusst haben. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersuchte, welche Rolle die dispositionelle Selbstregulation von Schüler*innen, die Schwierigkeit der Lernaufgaben und die Freude an den Aufgaben für die tagtägliche Selbstständigkeit der Bearbeitung der Aufgaben während des Homeschoolings spielten. Die dispositionelle Selbstregulation der Schüler*innen wurde zunächst über einen Eingangsfragebogen erfasst, der von den Eltern von 535 Kindern ausgefüllt wurde ( M Alter  = 9,69; SD Alter  = 2,80). Die Eltern berichteten anschließend an 21 aufeinander folgenden Tagen über die tägliche Aufgabenschwierigkeit, die Freude an den Aufgaben und die Selbstständigkeit, mit der ihre Kinder die Lernaufgaben bearbeiteten. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass die dispositionelle Selbstregulation der Schüler*innen positiv mit ihrer täglichen Selbstständigkeit beim Lernen assoziiert war. Darüber hinaus war die tägliche Selbstständigkeit der Schüler*innen beim Lernen negativ mit der Aufgabenschwierigkeit und positiv mit der Freude an den Aufgaben verbunden. Die Ergebnisse werden im Hinblick auf die tägliche Selbstregulation der Schüler*innen während der Beschulung zu Hause diskutiert. Abschließend werden Implikationen für die Lehrpraxis während der pandemiebedingten Schulschließungen abgeleitet.

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          The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: A Research Note

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            Grit: perseverance and passion for long-term goals.

            The importance of intellectual talent to achievement in all professional domains is well established, but less is known about other individual differences that predict success. The authors tested the importance of 1 noncognitive trait: grit. Defined as perseverance and passion for long-term goals, grit accounted for an average of 4% of the variance in success outcomes, including educational attainment among 2 samples of adults (N=1,545 and N=690), grade point average among Ivy League undergraduates (N=138), retention in 2 classes of United States Military Academy, West Point, cadets (N=1,218 and N=1,308), and ranking in the National Spelling Bee (N=175). Grit did not relate positively to IQ but was highly correlated with Big Five Conscientiousness. Grit nonetheless demonstrated incremental predictive validity of success measures over and beyond IQ and conscientiousness. Collectively, these findings suggest that the achievement of difficult goals entails not only talent but also the sustained and focused application of talent over time. (c) 2007 APA, all rights reserved.
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              High self-control predicts good adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and interpersonal success.

              What good is self-control? We incorporated a new measure of individual differences in self-control into two large investigations of a broad spectrum of behaviors. The new scale showed good internal consistency and retest reliability. Higher scores on self-control correlated with a higher grade point average, better adjustment (fewer reports of psychopathology, higher self-esteem), less binge eating and alcohol abuse, better relationships and interpersonal skills, secure attachment, and more optimal emotional responses. Tests for curvilinearity failed to indicate any drawbacks of so-called overcontrol, and the positive effects remained after controlling for social desirability. Low self-control is thus a significant risk factor for a broad range of personal and interpersonal problems.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Blume@dipf.de
                Andrea.Schmidt@dipf.de
                Kramer.Andrea@dipf.de
                Schmiedek@dipf.de
                Neubauer.Andreas@dipf.de
                Journal
                Z Erziehwiss
                Z Erziehwiss
                Zeitschrift Fur Erziehungswissenschaft
                Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden (Wiesbaden )
                1434-663X
                1862-5215
                1 April 2021
                1 April 2021
                : 1-25
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.461683.e, ISNI 0000 0001 2109 1122, DIPF | Leibniz-Institut für Bildungsforschung und Bildungsinformation, ; Rostocker Str. 6, 60323 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
                [2 ]Center for Research on Individual Development and Adaptive Education of Children at Risk (IDeA), Rostocker Str. 6, 60323 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
                [3 ]GRID grid.7839.5, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 9721, Goethe-University, ; Theodor-W.-Adorno-Platz 1, 60323 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3334-5366
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2940-6613
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0420-5498
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7298-5468
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0515-1126
                Article
                1011
                10.1007/s11618-021-01011-w
                8014902
                33821144
                914d5fd7-c103-4351-aaf9-9fe94e1f77f7
                © The Author(s) 2021

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 4 August 2020
                : 15 December 2020
                : 10 March 2021
                Funding
                Funded by: DIPF | Leibniz-Institut für Bildungsforschung und Bildungsinformation (3435)
                Categories
                Schwerpunkt

                ambulatory assessment,homeschooling,sars-cov‑2 pandemic,self-regulation,task attributes,ambulatorisches assessment,sars-cov-2-pandemie,selbstregulation,aufgabeneigenschaften

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