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      Posttraumatic stress symptoms among Polish World War II survivors: the role of social acknowledgement Translated title: 第二次世界大战的波兰幸存者中的创伤后应激障碍:社会接纳的作用 Translated title: Síntomas de estrés postraumático entre supervivientes polacos de la segunda guerra mundial: el papel que juega el reconocimiento social

      research-article
      , ,
      European Journal of Psychotraumatology
      Taylor & Francis
      Social acknowledgement, World War II, prevalence, PTSD, depression, elderly, reconocimiento social, segunda guerra mundial, prevalencia, TEPT, depresión, ancianidad, 关键词, 社会接纳, 第二次世界大战, 流行率, PTSD, 抑郁, 老年人, • The aim of our study was to measure the associations of social reactions with the levels of PTSD and depression symptoms among WWII survivors in Poland. •The rate of PTSD was very high: 38.3%. •PTSD symptoms and the perceived lack of societal recognition of war trauma were significantly correlated. •The structural equation modelling results also demonstrated the associations of the lack of social acknowledgement with the levels of PTSD and depression symptoms.

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          ABSTRACT

          Background: There is growing evidence of the important role played by socio-interpersonal variables on the maintenance of PTSD. Many World War II survivors in Poland could, as a result of political circumstances during the aftermath of the war, have experienced a lack of social recognition of their war-related trauma.

          Objective: The main aim of the study was to examine the association between perceived social reactions and the level of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSD) and depression.

          Method: Participants ( = 120) were aged 71–97 years ( = 82.44; SD = 6.14). They completed a WWII trauma-related questionnaire, the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale (PDS), the Impact of Events Scale (IES) and Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI). The Social Acknowledgement Questionnaire (SAQ) was used to measure participants’ perception of others’ acknowledgement and disapproval of their war trauma.

          Results: The rate of probable PTSD, diagnosed according to DSM-IV, was 38.3%. PTSD symptoms and General Disapproval were significantly correlated for all three PTSD symptom groups (Pearson’s r ranged from .25 to .41). The structural equation modelling results also demonstrated the importance of General Disapproval with regard to the level of PTSD symptoms. It explained both the intensity of PTSD symptoms (13.4% of variance) and the level of depression (12.0% of variance).

          Conclusion: In addition to confirming the high rate of PTSD among WWII survivors in Poland, the results indicate the importance of social reactions to survivors’ traumatic experiences.

           

          Contexto: hay una evidencia creciente del importante papel que juegan las variables socio- interpersonales sobre el Trastorno de Estrés Postraumático (TEPT). En Polonia, muchos supervivientes de la segunda guerra mundial pudieron experimentar, como resultado de las circunstancias políticas después de la guerra, una falta de reconocimiento social del trauma que habían desarrollado como resultadi de la guerra.

          Objetivo: El principal de este estudio fue el examinar la asociación entre las reacciones sociales percibidas y el nivel de síntomas de estrés postraumático(TPET) y depresión.

          Método: Los participantes ( N= 120) tenían entre los 71 y 97 años (( M=82.44; SD=6.14). Completaron un cuestionario relacionado con trauma en la segunda guerra mundial, la escala diagnostica postraumática (PDS), la escala de impacto de eventos (IES) y el inventario de depresión de Beck (BDI). El cuestionario de reconocimiento social (SAQ; Maercker & Müller, 2004) fue utilizado para medir la percepción de los participantes del reconocimiento o rechazo de su trauma bélico por parte de otras personas.

          Resultados: La tasa de TEPT probable, diagnosticado de acuerdo al DSM IV, fue del 38.3%. Los síntomas de TEPT y la desaprobación general se encontraban correlacionados fuertemente con los tres grupos de síntomas de TEPT (la r de Pearson se situaba entre .25 a .41). Los resultados del modelamiento de la ecuación estructural también demostraron la importancia de la desaprobación general en relación con el nivel de síntomas de TEPT. Explicaba tanto la intensidad de los síntomas (13.4% de la varianza) como el nivel de depresión (12.0% de la varianza).

           

          背景: 关于社会人际变量在 PTSD 的持续中的重要作用有越来越多的证据。在波兰,许多第二次世界大战的幸存者因为战后的政治环境,没有得到对他们战争相关创伤的社会认可。

          目标: 研究主要目标在于考察感知到的社会反应和创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)和抑郁症状水平之间关联。

          方法: 120名被试年龄范围在71-97岁(M=82.44; SD=6.14)。他们完成了 WWII 创伤相关问卷,创伤后诊断问题(PDS),事件影响问卷(IES)和贝克抑郁量表(BDI)。社会接纳问卷(SAQ; Maercker & Müller, 2004)用于测量被试感知到他人的对他们战争创伤的接纳和否定。

          结果: 根据 DSM-IV 的诊断,可能PTSD 的发生率为38.3%。PTSD 症状和总体否定与所有三个 PTSD 症状组显著相关(皮尔逊 r :0.25 - 0.41)。结构方程模型结果也显示了总体否定对 PTSD 症状水平的重要性。它同时解释了 PTSD 症状的强度(变异的13.4%)和抑郁水平(变异的12%)。

          结论: 研究再次证实了第二次世界大战的波兰幸存者中 PTSD 的高流行率,结果提示社会互动对幸存者的创伤体验的重要性。

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          Predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and symptoms in adults: a meta-analysis.

          A review of 2,647 studies of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) yielded 476 potential candidates for a meta-analysis of predictors of PTSD or of its symptoms. From these, 68 studies met criteria for inclusion in a meta-analysis of 7 predictors: (a) prior trauma, (b) prior psychological adjustment, (c) family history of psychopathology, (d) perceived life threat during the trauma, (e) posttrauma social support, (f) peritraumatic emotional responses, and (g) peritraumatic dissociation. All yielded significant effect sizes, with family history, prior trauma, and prior adjustment the smallest (weighted r = .17) and peritraumatic dissociation the largest (weighted r = .35). The results suggest that peritraumatic psychological processes, not prior characteristics, are the strongest predictors of PTSD.
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            The mental health of children affected by armed conflict: protective processes and pathways to resilience.

            This paper examines the concept of resilience in the context of children affected by armed conflict. Resilience has been frequently viewed as a unique quality of certain 'invulnerable' children. In contrast, this paper argues that a number of protective processes contribute to resilient mental health outcomes in children when considered through the lens of the child's social ecology. While available research has made important contributions to understanding risk factors for negative mental health consequences of war-related violence and loss, the focus on trauma alone has resulted in inadequate attention to factors associated with resilient mental health outcomes. This paper presents key studies in the literature that address the interplay between risk and protective processes in the mental health of war-affected children from an ecological, developmental perspective. It suggests that further research on war-affected children should pay particular attention to coping and meaning making at the individual level; the role of attachment relationships, caregiver health, resources and connection in the family, and social support available in peer and extended social networks. Cultural and community influences such as attitudes towards mental health and healing as well as the meaning given to the experience of war itself are also important aspects of the larger social ecology.
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              Posttraumatic stress disorder among Vietnam Theater Veterans. A causal model of etiology in a community sample.

              Data from the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study, conducted from 1986 to 1988, were used to develop and cross-validate a model of the etiology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among a community sample of 1198 male Vietnam theater veterans. The initial model specified causal paths among five sets of variables, ordered according to their historical occurrence: a) premilitary risk factors and traumas, b) war-related and non-war-related traumas during the military, c) homecoming reception, d) postmilitary traumas, and e) PTSD. The initial model was refined and then cross-validated, leading to the specification of a final model with highly satisfactory fit and parsimony. In terms of the magnitude of their contribution to the development of PTSD, lack of support from family and friends at the time of the homecoming and exposure to combat were the two most influential contributors. Other contributing factors, in order of importance, were Hispanic ethnicity, societal rejection at the time of homecoming, childhood abuse, participation in abusive violence, and family instability. Exposure to war-related and non-war-related traumas occurred largely independently of each other, with war-related traumas contributing substantially more than non-war-related traumas to the development of PTSD. Limitations to interpretation of the results are noted due to the retrospective nature of the data and the inevitable omission of other etiological factors.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Eur J Psychotraumatol
                Eur J Psychotraumatol
                ZEPT
                zept20
                European Journal of Psychotraumatology
                Taylor & Francis
                2000-8066
                2018
                26 January 2018
                : 9
                : 1
                : 1423831
                Affiliations
                [ a ] SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Faculty of Psychology , Warsaw, Poland
                [ b ] Caritas Community Self-Help Center , Minsk Mazowiecki, Poland
                [ c ] Neuropsychiatric Hospital , Opole, Poland
                Author notes
                CONTACT Maja Lis-Turlejska mlis-turlejska@ 123456swps.edu.pl SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities , Chodakowska 19/31, Warsaw 03-815, Poland
                Article
                1423831
                10.1080/20008198.2018.1423831
                5795636
                29410775
                8d5d469b-d152-4c05-bd54-e2f867f55b07
                © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 06 May 2017
                : 18 December 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 6, References: 43, Pages: 11
                Funding
                Funded by: SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities
                Award ID: 221516/E-560/S/2016
                Publication co-financed by the Ministerstwo Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego core founding for statutory SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Faculty of Psychology, 221516/E-560/S/2016 (Maja Lis-Turlejska).
                Categories
                Research Article
                Basic Research Article

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                social acknowledgement,world war ii,prevalence,ptsd,depression,elderly,reconocimiento social,segunda guerra mundial,prevalencia,tept,depresión,ancianidad,关键词,社会接纳,第二次世界大战,流行率,抑郁,老年人,• the aim of our study was to measure the associations of social reactions with the levels of ptsd and depression symptoms among wwii survivors in poland. •the rate of ptsd was very high: 38.3%. •ptsd symptoms and the perceived lack of societal recognition of war trauma were significantly correlated. •the structural equation modelling results also demonstrated the associations of the lack of social acknowledgement with the levels of ptsd and depression symptoms.

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