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      Call for Papers: Extracellular Vesicles: Broadening Horizons in Neurodegenerative Diseases

      Submit here by September 30, 2025

      About Neurodegenerative Diseases: 1.9 Impact Factor I 5.9 CiteScore I 0.648 Scimago Journal & Country Rank (SJR)

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      Performance of the 16-Item Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline for the Elderly (IQCODE) in an Arabic-Speaking Older Population

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          Abstract

          Background/Aim: The North African and Middle Eastern region has high illiteracy rates among older people, making direct cognitive testing challenging. Validated screening instruments for dementia in Arabic are lacking. We aimed to validate the Arabic version of the 16-item Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline for the Elderly (A-IQCODE 16) for screening for dementia through an informant. Methods: 236 Lebanese participants older than 65 years, 143 with normal cognition and 93 with mild-to-moderate dementia according to the DSM-IV criteria, and their informants were recruited. Half of the participants had no formal education. Interviewers blinded to the cognitive status of the participants administered the A-IQCODE 16 to the informants. The ability of the A-IQCODE 16 to screen for dementia was evaluated against the DSM-IV diagnoses. Results: The A-IQCODE 16 had excellent overall predictive power (area under the receiver operator characteristic curve = 0.96). A cutoff point of >3.34 yielded the best sensitivity (92.5%) and specificity (94.4%) for dementia screening. At this cutoff point, the discriminatory ability of the A-IQCODE 16 was comparable between participants with and those without formal education. Conclusion: The A-IQCODE 16 is not biased by education and is therefore useful as a brief screening tool for dementia among Arabic-speaking older adults with low education.

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          The Informant Questionnaire on cognitive decline in the elderly (IQCODE): a review.

          Anthony F. Jorm (2004)
          The IQCODE is widely used as a screening test for dementia, particularly where the subject is unable to undergo direct cognitive testing or for screening in populations with low levels of education and literacy. This review draws together research on the psychometric properties and validity of the IQCODE. A systematic search of the literature was carried out using three databases. The review shows that the questionnaire has high reliability and measures a single general factor of cognitive decline. It validly reflects past cognitive decline, performs at least as well at screening as conventional cognitive screening tests, predicts incident dementia, and correlates with a wide range of cognitive tests. A particular strength is that the IQCODE is relatively unaffected by education and pre-morbid ability or by proficiency in the culture's dominant language. The disadvantage of the IQCODE is that it is affected by informant characteristics such as depression and anxiety in the informant and the quality of the relationship between the informant and the subject. Because the IQCODE provides information complementary to brief cognitive tests, harnessing them together can improve screening accuracy.
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            Screening for cognitive impairment in older adults: A systematic review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force.

            Sharon Lin, Katherine L. Perdue, Elizabeth Eckstrom … (2013)
            Earlier identification of cognitive impairment may reduce patient and caregiver morbidity. To systematically review the diagnostic accuracy of brief cognitive screening instruments and the benefits and harms of pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions for early cognitive impairment. MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials through December 2012; systematic reviews; clinical trial registries; and experts. English-language studies of fair to good quality, primary care–feasible screening instruments, and treatments aimed at persons with mild cognitive impairment or mild to moderate dementia. Dual quality assessment and abstraction of relevant study details. The Mini-Mental State Examination (k = 25) is the most thoroughly studied instrument but is not available for use without cost. Publicly available instruments with adequate test performance to detect dementia include the Clock Drawing Test (k = 7), Mini-Cog (k = 4), Memory Impairment Screen (k = 5), Abbreviated Mental Test (k = 4), Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire (k = 4), Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test (k = 2), 7-Minute Screen (k = 2), and Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (k = 5). Medications approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for Alzheimer disease (k = 58) and caregiver interventions (k = 59) show a small benefit of uncertain clinical importance for patients and their caregivers. Small benefits are also limited by common adverse effects of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and limited availability of complex caregiver interventions. Although promising, cognitive stimulation (k = 6) and exercise (k = 10) have limited evidence to support their use in persons with mild to moderate dementia or mild cognitive impairment. Limited studies in persons with dementia other than Alzheimer disease and sparse reporting of important health outcomes. Brief instruments to screen for cognitive impairment can adequately detect dementia, but there is no empirical evidence that screening improves decision making. Whether interventions for patients or their caregivers have a clinically significant effect in persons with earlier detected cognitive impairment is still unclear. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
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              Illiteracy: the neuropsychology of cognition without reading.

              Alfredo Ardila, Paulo H Bertolucci, Lucia W Braga … (2010)
              Illiterates represent a significant proportion of the world's population. Written language not only plays a role in mediating cognition, but also extends our knowledge of the world. Two major reasons for illiteracy can be distinguished, social (e.g., absence of schools), and personal (e.g., learning difficulties). Without written language, our knowledge of the external world is partially limited by immediate sensory information and concrete environmental conditions. Literacy is significantly associated with virtually all neuropsychological measures, even though the correlation between education and neuropsychological test scores depends on the specific test. The impact of literacy is reflected in different spheres of cognitive functioning. Learning to read reinforces and modifies certain fundamental abilities, such as verbal and visual memory, phonological awareness, and visuospatial and visuomotor skills. Functional imaging studies are now demonstrating that literacy and education influence the pathways used by the brain for problem-solving. The existence of partially specific neuronal networks as a probable consequence of the literacy level supports the hypothesis that education impacts not only the individual's day-to-day strategies, but also the brain networks. A review of the issues related to dementia in illiterates is presented, emphasizing that the association between the education level and age-related cognitive changes and education remains controversial. The analysis of the impact of illiteracy on neuropsychological test performance represents a crucial approach to understanding human cognition and its brain organization under normal and abnormal conditions.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (publisher-id): DEM
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord
                Journal ID (doi): 10.1159/issn.1420-8008
                Title: Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders
                Publisher: S. Karger AG
                ISSN (Print): 1420-8008
                ISSN (Electronic): 1421-9824
                Publication date Subscription-year: 2015
                Publication date (Print): October 2015
                Publication date (Electronic): 25 August 2015
                Volume: 40
                Issue: 5-6
                Pages: 276-289
                Affiliations
                aDanish Dementia Research Center, Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Center, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; bDepartment of Epidemiology and Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, and Departments of cNeurology and dGeriatrics, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon; eDepartment of Health Service and Population Research, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
                Author notes
                *Thien Kieu Thi Phung, MD, PhD, Danish Dementia Research Center, Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Center, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, section 6922, DK-2100 Copenhagen (Denmark), E-Mail thien.phung@mail.mcgill.ca
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2241-3901
                Article
                Publisher ID: 437092 Pmcid ID: PMC5756546 Other ID: Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2015;40:276-289
                DOI: 10.1159/000437092
                PMC ID: PMC5756546
                PubMed ID: 26338716
                SO-VID: 8c11ac52-eb9a-43b1-88b4-91aeb9af96aa
                Copyright © © 2015 S. Karger AG, Basel
                License:

                This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY). Usage, derivative works and distribution are permitted provided that proper credit is given to the author and the original publisher.Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.

                History
                Date accepted : 20 June 2015
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 4, References: 33, Pages: 14
                Categories
                Subject: Original Research Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Geriatric medicine,Neurology,Cardiovascular Medicine,Neurosciences,Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry,Public health
                Keywords: Education,Arabic,Informant-based screening,Illiteracy,Dementia
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Geriatric medicine, Neurology, Cardiovascular Medicine, Neurosciences, Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry, Public health
                Keywords: Education, Arabic, Informant-based screening, Illiteracy, Dementia

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