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      Metal-organic frameworks/metal nanoparticles as smart nanosensing interfaces for electrochemical sensors applications: a mini-review

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          Abstract

          Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are porous materials with huge specific surface area and abundant active sites, which are composed of metal ions or clusters and organic ligands in the form of coordination bonds. In recent years, MOFs have been successfully applied in many fields due to their excellent physical, chemical, and biological properties. Electrochemical sensors have advantages such as economy, portability, and sensitivity, making them increasingly valued in the field of sensors. Many studies have shown that the electrode materials will affect the performance of electrochemical sensors. Therefore, the research on electrode materials is still one of the hotspots. MOFs are also commonly used to construct electrochemical sensors. However, electrochemical sensors prepared from single MOFs have shortcomings such as insufficient conductivity, low sensitivity, and poor electrochemical catalytic ability. In order to compensate for these defects, a new type of nanocomposite material with very ideal conductivity was formed by adding metal nanoparticles (MNPs) to MOFs. The combination of the two is expected to be widely applied in the field of sensors. This review summarizes the applications of various MNPs/MOFs composites in the field of electrochemical sensors and provides some references for the development of MNPs/MOFs composites-based electrochemical sensors in the future.

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          Metal-Organic Frameworks as Platforms for Catalytic Applications

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            Characterization techniques for nanoparticles: comparison and complementarity upon studying nanoparticle properties

            Combined and carefully selected use of experimental techniques – understanding nanoparticle properties and optimizing performance in applications. Nanostructures have attracted huge interest as a rapidly growing class of materials for many applications. Several techniques have been used to characterize the size, crystal structure, elemental composition and a variety of other physical properties of nanoparticles. In several cases, there are physical properties that can be evaluated by more than one technique. Different strengths and limitations of each technique complicate the choice of the most suitable method, while often a combinatorial characterization approach is needed. In addition, given that the significance of nanoparticles in basic research and applications is constantly increasing, it is necessary that researchers from separate fields overcome the challenges in the reproducible and reliable characterization of nanomaterials, after their synthesis and further process ( e.g. annealing) stages. The principal objective of this review is to summarize the present knowledge on the use, advances, advantages and weaknesses of a large number of experimental techniques that are available for the characterization of nanoparticles. Different characterization techniques are classified according to the concept/group of the technique used, the information they can provide, or the materials that they are destined for. We describe the main characteristics of the techniques and their operation principles and we give various examples of their use, presenting them in a comparative mode, when possible, in relation to the property studied in each case.
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              Nanoscale Metal-Organic Frameworks for Therapeutic, Imaging, and Sensing Applications

              Nanotechnology has played an important role in drug delivery and biomedical imaging over the past two decades. In particular, nanoscale metal-organic frameworks (nMOFs) are emerging as an important class of biomedically relevant nanomaterials due to their high porosity, multifunctionality, and biocompatibility. The high porosity of nMOFs allows for the encapsulation of exceptionally high payloads of therapeutic and/or imaging cargoes while the building blocks—both ligands and the secondary building units (SBUs)—can be utilized to load drugs and/or imaging agents via covalent attachment. The ligands and SBUs of nMOFs can also be functionalized for surface passivation or active targeting at overexpressed biomarkers. The metal ions or metal clusters on nMOFs also render them viable candidates as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, or other imaging modalities. This review article summarizes recent progress on nMOF designs and their exploration in biomedical areas. First we discuss the therapeutic applications of nMOFs based on four distinct drug loading strategies, followed by a summary of nMOF designs for imaging and biosensing. We conclude our review by exploring the fundamental challenges facing nMOF-based therapeutic, imaging, and biosensing agents. We hope that this review can stimulate interdisciplinary research at the intersection of MOFs and biomedicine.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Bioeng Biotechnol
                Front Bioeng Biotechnol
                Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.
                Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                2296-4185
                08 August 2023
                2023
                : 11
                : 1251713
                Affiliations
                [1] 1 Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education , Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biofabrication in Tissue Engineering of Jiangxi Province , Key Laboratory of Biomedical Sensors of Ganzhou , School of Medical and Information Engineering , School of Pharmacy , Scientific Research Center , Gannan Medical University , Ganzhou, China
                [2] 2 Department of Neurosurgery , The Second Affifiliated Hospital of Nanchang University , Nanchang, China
                [3] 3 Department of Neurosurgery , The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University , Ganzhou, China
                [4] 4 Department of Health Services , Fujian Hwa Nan Women’s College , Fuzhou, China
                Author notes

                Edited by: Miaomiao Yuan, Sun Yat-sen University, China

                Reviewed by: Judun Zheng, Southern Medical University, China

                Qing Li, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China

                *Correspondence: Jun Liu, liujun448153798@ 123456126.com ; Xiaojun Fang, fxjainll@ 123456163.com ; Xiaofeng Lin, linxf@ 123456gmu.edu.cn
                Article
                1251713
                10.3389/fbioe.2023.1251713
                10442806
                37614634
                7e4d26ec-1023-4709-9285-21a9d6975009
                Copyright © 2023 Jiang, Liao, Liu, Liu, Chen, Zhou, Du, Liu, Luo, Liu, Chen, Fang and Lin.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 02 July 2023
                : 28 July 2023
                Funding
                This work has been supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 82060599), the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi (No. 20224BAB206091), the Science and Technology Project of the Education Department of Jiangxi Province (Nos. GJJ2201406, GJJ2201453, GJJ211517, GJJ2201457), the Science and Technology Project of Jiangxi Health Committee (No. 202131033), The teaching reform of higher education in Jiangxi province (No. JXJG-22-13-30). The Natural Science Foundation of Ganzhou (No. 202101034482), the Natural Science Foundation of Gannan Medical University (No. YB201945), the Program of Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training for Undergraduate (No. 202310413001, 202310413003), and the Special Fund for Graduate Innovation in Jiangxi Province (No. YC2022-X017).
                Categories
                Bioengineering and Biotechnology
                Mini Review
                Custom metadata
                Nanobiotechnology

                metal-organic frameworks,metal nanoparticles,composite,smart nanosensing,electrochemical sensor

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