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      Pediatric CNS-isolated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis

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          Abstract

          Objective

          To highlight a novel, treatable syndrome, we report 4 patients with CNS-isolated inflammation associated with familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHL) gene mutations (CNS-FHL).

          Methods

          Retrospective chart review.

          Results

          Patients with CNS-FHL are characterized by chronic inflammation restricted to the CNS that is not attributable to any previously described neuroinflammatory etiology and have germline mutations in known FHL-associated genes with no signs of systemic inflammation. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT) can be well tolerated and effective in achieving or maintaining disease remission in patients with CNS-FHL.

          Conclusions

          Early and accurate diagnosis followed by treatment with HCT can reduce morbidity and mortality in CNS-FHL, a novel, treatable syndrome.

          Classification of evidence

          This study provides Class IV evidence that HCT is well tolerated and effective in treating CNS-FHL.

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          Most cited references17

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          The National Institutes of Health Undiagnosed Diseases Program: insights into rare diseases.

          This report describes the National Institutes of Health Undiagnosed Diseases Program, details the Program's application of genomic technology to establish diagnoses, and details the Program's success rate during its first 2 years. Each accepted study participant was extensively phenotyped. A subset of participants and selected family members (29 patients and 78 unaffected family members) was subjected to an integrated set of genomic analyses including high-density single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays and whole exome or genome analysis. Of 1,191 medical records reviewed, 326 patients were accepted and 160 were admitted directly to the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center on the Undiagnosed Diseases Program service. Of those, 47% were children, 55% were females, and 53% had neurologic disorders. Diagnoses were reached on 39 participants (24%) on clinical, biochemical, pathologic, or molecular grounds; 21 diagnoses involved rare or ultra-rare diseases. Three disorders were diagnosed based on single-nucleotide polymorphism array analysis and three others using whole exome sequencing and filtering of variants. Two new disorders were discovered. Analysis of the single-nucleotide polymorphism array study cohort revealed that large stretches of homozygosity were more common in affected participants relative to controls. The National Institutes of Health Undiagnosed Diseases Program addresses an unmet need, i.e., the diagnosis of patients with complex, multisystem disorders. It may serve as a model for the clinical application of emerging genomic technologies and is providing insights into the characteristics of diseases that remain undiagnosed after extensive clinical workup.
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            The NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program and Network: Applications to modern medicine.

            The inability of some seriously and chronically ill individuals to receive a definitive diagnosis represents an unmet medical need. In 2008, the NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program (UDP) was established to provide answers to patients with mysterious conditions that long eluded diagnosis and to advance medical knowledge. Patients admitted to the NIH UDP undergo a five-day hospitalization, facilitating highly collaborative clinical evaluations and a detailed, standardized documentation of the individual's phenotype. Bedside and bench investigations are tightly coupled. Genetic studies include commercially available testing, single nucleotide polymorphism microarray analysis, and family exomic sequencing studies. Selected gene variants are evaluated by collaborators using informatics, in vitro cell studies, and functional assays in model systems (fly, zebrafish, worm, or mouse).
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              Comprehensive immunophenotyping of cerebrospinal fluid cells in patients with neuroimmunological diseases.

              We performed unbiased, comprehensive immunophenotyping of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood leukocytes in 221 subjects referred for the diagnostic work-up of neuroimmunological disorders to obtain insight about disease-specific phenotypes of intrathecal immune responses. Quantification of 14 different immune cell subsets, coupled with the assessment of their activation status, revealed physiological differences between intrathecal and systemic immunity, irrespective of final diagnosis. Our data are consistent with a model where the CNS shapes intrathecal immune responses to provide effective protection against persistent viral infections, especially by memory T cells, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, and CD56(bright) NK cells. Our data also argue that CSF immune cells do not simply reflect cells recruited from the periphery. Instead, they represent a mixture of cells that are recruited from the blood, have been activated intrathecally and leave the CNS after performing effector functions. Diagnosis-specific differences provide mechanistic insight into the disease process in the defined subtypes of multiple sclerosis (MS), neonatal onset multisystem inflammatory disease, and Aicardi-Goutières syndrome. This analysis also determined that secondary-progressive MS patients are immunologically closer to relapsing-remitting patients as compared with patients with primary-progressive MS. Because CSF immunophenotyping captures the biology of the intrathecal inflammatory processes, it has the potential to guide optimal selection of immunomodulatory therapies in individual patients and monitor their efficacy. Our study adds to the increasing number of publications that demonstrate poor correlation between systemic and intrathecal inflammatory biomarkers in patients with neuroimmunological diseases and stresses the importance of studying immune responses directly in the intrathecal compartment.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm
                Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm
                nnn
                NEURIMMINFL
                Neurology® Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation
                Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (Hagerstown, MD )
                2332-7812
                08 April 2019
                May 2019
                08 April 2019
                : 6
                : 3
                : e560
                Affiliations
                From the Department of Neurology (L.A.B., M.J.R., M.P.G.), Boston Children's Hospital; Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center (H.L., A.L.K., L.E.L., B.A.D., C.N.D.); Department of Rheumatology (L.A.H., R.P.S.), Boston Children's Hospital; Department of Pathology (I.H.S002E, S.A.), Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Undiagnosed Diseases Program (A.S., J.M., W.A.G.), National Human Genome Research Institute; Neuroimmunological Diseases Section (B.B.), Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology (A.P.H., S.M.H.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD; and Division of Hematology, Oncology (M.L.A.), and Marrow and Blood Cell Transplantation, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, NY.
                Author notes

                Funding information and disclosures are provided at the end of the article. Full disclosure form information provided by the authors is available with the full text of this article at Neurology.org/NN.

                [*]

                These authors contributed equally to the manuscript.

                [†]

                These authors contributed equally to the manuscript and are co-corresponding authors.

                The Article Processing Charge was funded by the authors.

                Article
                NEURIMMINFL2019019802
                10.1212/NXI.0000000000000560
                6467688
                31044148
                7c23ab4a-4e02-49f9-b847-0d0808348d72
                Copyright © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology.

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND), which permits downloading and sharing the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal.

                History
                : 08 January 2019
                : 15 February 2019
                Funding
                Funded by: NIH
                Award ID: Z1D-HG200352
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