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      Is Open Access

      The Biomedical Use of Silk: Past, Present, Future

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          Most cited references228

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          Analysis of nanoparticle delivery to tumours

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            On the mechanisms of biocompatibility.

            The manner in which a mutually acceptable co-existence of biomaterials and tissues is developed and sustained has been the focus of attention in biomaterials science for many years, and forms the foundation of the subject of biocompatibility. There are many ways in which materials and tissues can be brought into contact such that this co-existence may be compromised, and the search for biomaterials that are able to provide for the best performance in devices has been based upon the understanding of all the interactions within biocompatibility phenomena. Our understanding of the mechanisms of biocompatibility has been restricted whilst the focus of attention has been long-term implantable devices. In this paper, over 50 years of experience with such devices is analysed and it is shown that, in the vast majority of circumstances, the sole requirement for biocompatibility in a medical device intended for long-term contact with the tissues of the human body is that the material shall do no harm to those tissues, achieved through chemical and biological inertness. Rarely has an attempt to introduce biological activity into a biomaterial been clinically successful in these applications. This essay then turns its attention to the use of biomaterials in tissue engineering, sophisticated cell, drug and gene delivery systems and applications in biotechnology, and shows that here the need for specific and direct interactions between biomaterials and tissue components has become necessary, and with this a new paradigm for biocompatibility has emerged. It is believed that once the need for this change is recognised, so our understanding of the mechanisms of biocompatibility will markedly improve.
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              Dissolvable films of silk fibroin for ultrathin conformal bio-integrated electronics.

              Electronics that are capable of intimate, non-invasive integration with the soft, curvilinear surfaces of biological tissues offer important opportunities for diagnosing and treating disease and for improving brain/machine interfaces. This article describes a material strategy for a type of bio-interfaced system that relies on ultrathin electronics supported by bioresorbable substrates of silk fibroin. Mounting such devices on tissue and then allowing the silk to dissolve and resorb initiates a spontaneous, conformal wrapping process driven by capillary forces at the biotic/abiotic interface. Specialized mesh designs and ultrathin forms for the electronics ensure minimal stresses on the tissue and highly conformal coverage, even for complex curvilinear surfaces, as confirmed by experimental and theoretical studies. In vivo, neural mapping experiments on feline animal models illustrate one mode of use for this class of technology. These concepts provide new capabilities for implantable and surgical devices.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Advanced Healthcare Materials
                Adv. Healthcare Mater.
                Wiley
                21922640
                January 2019
                January 2019
                September 20 2018
                : 8
                : 1
                : 1800465
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Materials Science and Engineering; The University of Sheffield; Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin Street Sheffield South Yorkshire S1 3JD UK
                [2 ]Biomacromolecules Research Team; RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science; 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
                [3 ]Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering; The University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
                [4 ]Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden; Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials Dresden; Dresden 01069 Germany
                [5 ]Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences; University of Strathclyde; Glasgow G4 0RE UK
                Article
                10.1002/adhm.201800465
                30238637
                797b98ee-b201-491e-8163-987315f1210a
                © 2018

                http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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