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      Incidence of myeloid neoplasms in Spain (2002–2013): a population-based study of the Spanish network of cancer registries

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          Abstract

          Comprehensive population-based data on myeloid neoplasms (MNs) are limited, mainly because some subtypes were not recognized as hematological cancers prior to the WHO publication in 2001, and others are too rare to allow robust estimates within regional studies. Herein, we provide incidence data of the whole spectrum of MNs in Spain during 2002–2013 using harmonized data from 13 population-based cancer registries. Cases ( n = 17,522) were grouped following the HAEMACARE groupings and 2013-European standardized incidence rates (ASR E), incidence trends, and estimates for 2021 were calculated. ASR E per 100,000 inhabitants was 5.14 (95% CI: 5.00–5.27) for myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN), 4.71 (95% CI: 4.59–4.84) for myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), 3.91 (95% CI: 3.79–4.02) for acute myeloid leukemia, 0.83 (95% CI: 0.78–0.88) for MDS/MPN, 0.35 (95% CI: 0.32–0.39) for acute leukemia of ambiguous lineage, and 0.58 (95% CI: 0.53–0.62) for not-otherwise specified (NOS) cases. This study highlights some useful points for public health authorities, such as the remarkable variability in incidence rates among Spanish provinces, the increasing incidence of MPN, MDS, and MDS/MPN during the period of study, in contrast to a drop in NOS cases, and the number of cases expected in 2021 based on these data (8446 new MNs).

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          Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries

          This article provides an update on the global cancer burden using the GLOBOCAN 2020 estimates of cancer incidence and mortality produced by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Worldwide, an estimated 19.3 million new cancer cases (18.1 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) and almost 10.0 million cancer deaths (9.9 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) occurred in 2020. Female breast cancer has surpassed lung cancer as the most commonly diagnosed cancer, with an estimated 2.3 million new cases (11.7%), followed by lung (11.4%), colorectal (10.0 %), prostate (7.3%), and stomach (5.6%) cancers. Lung cancer remained the leading cause of cancer death, with an estimated 1.8 million deaths (18%), followed by colorectal (9.4%), liver (8.3%), stomach (7.7%), and female breast (6.9%) cancers. Overall incidence was from 2-fold to 3-fold higher in transitioned versus transitioning countries for both sexes, whereas mortality varied <2-fold for men and little for women. Death rates for female breast and cervical cancers, however, were considerably higher in transitioning versus transitioned countries (15.0 vs 12.8 per 100,000 and 12.4 vs 5.2 per 100,000, respectively). The global cancer burden is expected to be 28.4 million cases in 2040, a 47% rise from 2020, with a larger increase in transitioning (64% to 95%) versus transitioned (32% to 56%) countries due to demographic changes, although this may be further exacerbated by increasing risk factors associated with globalization and a growing economy. Efforts to build a sustainable infrastructure for the dissemination of cancer prevention measures and provision of cancer care in transitioning countries is critical for global cancer control.
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            The 2016 revision to the World Health Organization classification of myeloid neoplasms and acute leukemia.

            The World Health Organization (WHO) classification of tumors of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues was last updated in 2008. Since then, there have been numerous advances in the identification of unique biomarkers associated with some myeloid neoplasms and acute leukemias, largely derived from gene expression analysis and next-generation sequencing that can significantly improve the diagnostic criteria as well as the prognostic relevance of entities currently included in the WHO classification and that also suggest new entities that should be added. Therefore, there is a clear need for a revision to the current classification. The revisions to the categories of myeloid neoplasms and acute leukemia will be published in a monograph in 2016 and reflect a consensus of opinion of hematopathologists, hematologists, oncologists, and geneticists. The 2016 edition represents a revision of the prior classification rather than an entirely new classification and attempts to incorporate new clinical, prognostic, morphologic, immunophenotypic, and genetic data that have emerged since the last edition. The major changes in the classification and their rationale are presented here.
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              The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cancer deaths due to delays in diagnosis in England, UK: a national, population-based, modelling study

              Summary Background Since a national lockdown was introduced across the UK in March, 2020, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, cancer screening has been suspended, routine diagnostic work deferred, and only urgent symptomatic cases prioritised for diagnostic intervention. In this study, we estimated the impact of delays in diagnosis on cancer survival outcomes in four major tumour types. Methods In this national population-based modelling study, we used linked English National Health Service (NHS) cancer registration and hospital administrative datasets for patients aged 15–84 years, diagnosed with breast, colorectal, and oesophageal cancer between Jan 1, 2010, and Dec 31, 2010, with follow-up data until Dec 31, 2014, and diagnosed with lung cancer between Jan 1, 2012, and Dec 31, 2012, with follow-up data until Dec 31, 2015. We use a routes-to-diagnosis framework to estimate the impact of diagnostic delays over a 12-month period from the commencement of physical distancing measures, on March 16, 2020, up to 1, 3, and 5 years after diagnosis. To model the subsequent impact of diagnostic delays on survival, we reallocated patients who were on screening and routine referral pathways to urgent and emergency pathways that are associated with more advanced stage of disease at diagnosis. We considered three reallocation scenarios representing the best to worst case scenarios and reflect actual changes in the diagnostic pathway being seen in the NHS, as of March 16, 2020, and estimated the impact on net survival at 1, 3, and 5 years after diagnosis to calculate the additional deaths that can be attributed to cancer, and the total years of life lost (YLLs) compared with pre-pandemic data. Findings We collected data for 32 583 patients with breast cancer, 24 975 with colorectal cancer, 6744 with oesophageal cancer, and 29 305 with lung cancer. Across the three different scenarios, compared with pre-pandemic figures, we estimate a 7·9–9·6% increase in the number of deaths due to breast cancer up to year 5 after diagnosis, corresponding to between 281 (95% CI 266–295) and 344 (329–358) additional deaths. For colorectal cancer, we estimate 1445 (1392–1591) to 1563 (1534–1592) additional deaths, a 15·3–16·6% increase; for lung cancer, 1235 (1220–1254) to 1372 (1343–1401) additional deaths, a 4·8–5·3% increase; and for oesophageal cancer, 330 (324–335) to 342 (336–348) additional deaths, 5·8–6·0% increase up to 5 years after diagnosis. For these four tumour types, these data correspond with 3291–3621 additional deaths across the scenarios within 5 years. The total additional YLLs across these cancers is estimated to be 59 204–63 229 years. Interpretation Substantial increases in the number of avoidable cancer deaths in England are to be expected as a result of diagnostic delays due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK. Urgent policy interventions are necessary, particularly the need to manage the backlog within routine diagnostic services to mitigate the expected impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on patients with cancer. Funding UK Research and Innovation Economic and Social Research Council.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                marta.solans@udg.edu
                Journal
                Sci Rep
                Sci Rep
                Scientific Reports
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2045-2322
                10 January 2022
                10 January 2022
                2022
                : 12
                : 323
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.5319.e, ISNI 0000 0001 2179 7512, Research Group on Statistics, Econometrics and Health (GRECS), , University of Girona, ; Girona, Spain
                [2 ]GRID grid.466571.7, ISNI 0000 0004 1756 6246, CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), ; Madrid, Spain
                [3 ]GRID grid.429289.c, Epidemiology Unit and Girona Cancer Registry, , Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, ; Girona, Spain
                [4 ]Tarragona Cancer Registry, Cancer Prevention and Epidemiology Service, Sant Joan de Reus University Hospital, Tarragona, Spain
                [5 ]GRID grid.484083.3, Department of Health, , Asturias Cancer Registry, Public Health Directorate, ; Asturias, Spain
                [6 ]GRID grid.453341.4, ISNI 0000 0001 2243 3059, Canary Islands Cancer Registry, Public Health Directorate, Canary Islands Government, ; Las Palmas, Spain
                [7 ]Castellón Cancer Registry, Public Health Directorate, Valencian Government, Castellón, Spain
                [8 ]Ciudad Real Cancer Registry, Health and Social Welfare Authority, Castile-La Mancha, Spain
                [9 ]Cuenca Cancer Registry, Health and Social Welfare Authority, Castile-La Mancha, Spain
                [10 ]GRID grid.431260.2, ISNI 0000 0001 2315 3219, Basque Country Cancer Registry, Basque Government, ; Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
                [11 ]GRID grid.418701.b, ISNI 0000 0001 2097 8389, Epidemiology Unit and Girona Cancer Registry, Oncology Coordination Plan, , Catalan Institute of Oncology, Girona Biomedical Research Institute Dr. Josep Trueta (IDIBGI), ; Girona, Spain
                [12 ]Granada Cancer Registry, Andalusian School of Public Health (EASP), Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs.GRANADA, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
                [13 ]La Rioja Cancer Registry, Epidemiology and Health Prevention Service, Logroño, Spain
                [14 ]Mallorca Cancer Registry, Public Health and Participation Department, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
                [15 ]GRID grid.10586.3a, ISNI 0000 0001 2287 8496, Department of Epidemiology, , Regional Health Authority, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia University, ; Murcia, Spain
                [16 ]Navarra Cancer Registry, Navarra Public Health Institute, Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
                Article
                3734
                10.1038/s41598-021-03734-6
                8748501
                35013373
                730dfdce-1eba-4226-8051-ae67193b5bc7
                © The Author(s) 2022

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 26 July 2021
                : 3 December 2021
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                © The Author(s) 2022

                Uncategorized
                myelodysplastic syndrome,myeloproliferative disease,epidemiology
                Uncategorized
                myelodysplastic syndrome, myeloproliferative disease, epidemiology

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