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      Untersuchungen zur Entwicklung der kardiorespiratorischen Interaktion anhand gemeinsamer Rhythmen von Atmung und Herzaktion: Longitudinalstudie der ersten sechs Lebensmonate gesunder Säuglinge

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          Abstract

          Die vorliegende Arbeit untersuchte die Entwicklung nieder-und hochfrequenter rhythmischer kardiorespiratorischer gesunder Säuglinge. An 15 Probanden erfolgten im Schlaf im ersten Lebenshalbjahr jeweils 13 Messungen mit EKG-Ableitung und induktionsplethysmographischer Registrierung der thorakalen Atemexkursion. Schlafstadienbezogen erfolgten: · die Messung der Amplitude der respiratorischen Sinusarrhythmie (RSA), · die Bestimmung der größten negativen Korrelation zwischen Atemsignal und Herzperiodendauer-Zeitreihe (Kreuzkorrelationskoeffizient, KKK) mit der dazugehörigen Phasenverschiebung mittels Berechnung der Kreuzkorrelationsfunktion und · die Auswertung der Kohärenzspektren von Atmung und Herzaktion. RSA und KKK im ruhigen Schlaf nehmen im Verlauf des ersten Lebenshalbjahres zu. Der Verlauf ist nicht geradlinig, sondern weist signifikante Minima in den ersten Lebenstagen und am Ende der dritten Lebenswoche auf. Die Phasenverschiebung zwischen Atmung und RSA zeigt im ruhigen Schlaf Maxima am 7. und 21. Lebenstag ohne deutlichen Trend innerhalb des Beobachtungszeitraumes. RSA und KKK sind vom ersten Lebenstag an mit Atemfrequenz und Herzfrequenz negativ korreliert. RSA und KKK sind schlafstadienabhängig. Im Gegensatz zum ruhigen Schlaf konnte im aktiven Schlaf weder eine meßbare RSA, noch ein signifikanter KKK gefunden werden. Im Kohärenzspektrum waren jedoch ab dem 150. Lebenstag auch im aktiven Schlaf signifikante gemeinsame Rhythmen im Atemfrequenzbereich nachweisbar. Mit Hilfe der Kohärenzspektren konnten gemeinsame niederfrequente Rhythmen in Atmung und Herzaktion nur in 5.1 % aller Messungen im ruhigen Schlaf und nur in 3.1 % im aktiven Schlaf nachgewiesen werden. Die untersuchten Parameter der Interaktion von Atmung und Herzfrequenz Neugeborener unterscheiden sich von denen Erwachsener in den Absolutwerten. Für RSA und Phasenverschiebung konnte zeigte sich jedoch, daß sich die Werte Erwachsener und Neugeborener nur an verschiedenen Punkten einer gemeinsamen "Arbeitskurve" befinden. Die Ergebnisse lassen auf eine schon zum Zeitpunkt der Geburt vorhandene Reife der kardiorespiratorischen Interaktion schließen.

          Abstract

          In the present paper the development of rhythmic cardiorespiratory interactions in low and high frequency ranges were investigated in healthy infants. Data come from a longitudinal study of 14 infants, who were examined for 13 times during sleep during the first 6 months of live. The electrocardiogram and the thoracic respiratory effort were recorded. For quiet and active sleep the following parameters of cardiorespiratory interaction were analysed: · the amplitude of respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), · the highest negative correlation (KKK) and the corresponding phase delay between respiratory signal and time series of heart period duration by means of calculating the cross correlation function and · the coherence in the low and high frequency range. RSA and KKK increase in the first 6 months of live. The course is not linear and has maxima in the first days and at the end of third week. The phase delay shows maxima at 7 th and 21 st day. RSA and KKK are negatively correlated with the respiratory rate and the heart rate from the first day of life up to the 6 th month of life. RSA and KKK depend on sleep state. In opposition to quiet sleep in active sleep neither a measurable RSA nor a significant KKK were found. Contrary, the coherence spectra showed common rhythms in the frequency range of the respiratory rate in the 5 th and 6 th month during active sleep. In the low frequency range common rhythms were observed only seldom, i.e. in 5.1 % of all measurements during quiet sleep and in 3.1 % during active sleep. The analysed parameters of cardiorespiratory interaction of newborns are different from that of adults regarding the absolute values. However the data suggest that the values of newborns and adults represent only different adjustments of a comparable control system. The results indicate a mature cardiorespiratory interaction in healthy newborns.

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          Power spectrum analysis of heart rate fluctuation: a quantitative probe of beat-to-beat cardiovascular control

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            Interaction of heart rate and respiration in newborn babies.

            Variability of heart rate (HRV) and transthoracic electric impedance respirogram (TEZ) were examined by spectral analysis in three groups of neonates: healthy term babies (22), healthy preterm babies (21), and preterm babies with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) (11). Heart rate, TEZ, PtcO2, and PtcCO2 were monitored during quiet sleep on the 1st, 3rd, and 5th day of postnatal life. Autospectra for trend-corrected segments of heart rate and TEZ as well as their cross-spectral density was in less than 0.2 Hz [low frequency (LF)] area (less than 12 cycles/min) in all the neonates. Intergroup comparisons of average band-integrated spectra revealed that the LF spectral density of HRV was greater in the term babies than in the preterm babies on day 3. In the babies with RDS, both LF and high-frequency (HF, greater than 0.2 Hz) were abnormally low throughout the study. In the term infants, the TEZ amplitude spectrum was flat on day 1. On later days, a peak corresponding to the average respiratory rate emerged. In the healthy preterm babies, there was a LF peak in TEZ autospectrum on all days. In the babies with RDS, the peak of ventilator frequency was initially present; finally, the respiratory activity accumulated in the LF area. In the cross-spectra of term babies, there was a LF peak on all days. On day 5, an additional HF peak appeared, representing respiratory sinus arrhythmia. In the healthy preterm babies, only a LF peak was present.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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              Changes in the contribution of the rib cage to tidal breathing during infancy.

              As the shape, compliance, and deformability of the rib cage (RC) change during infancy, RC participation in quiet breathing may increase. We used respiratory inductive plethysmography (RIP) to determine the relative contributions of the RC and abdomen (AB) to tidal volume (VT) in 20 studies in 14 healthy infants 1 to 26 months of age during quiet natural sleep. RIP was calibrated with simultaneous flow measurements (anesthesia mask and pneumotachograph) by the least squares method of statistical analysis. We analyzed segments of breathing with and without flow measurement for RIP-derived VT, change in RC volume (Vrc) and AB volume (Vab) with each breath and the RC contribution to tidal breathing (%RC = Vrc/Vrc + Vab). The %RC increased with age: %RC = 1.4 age (months) + 33 (r = 0.69, p less than 0.01). After 9 months of age, %RC resembled that found in quietly sleeping adolescents. Mask placement increased VT in all but one subject (mean increase, 29 +/- 23% of baseline +/- SD; p less than 0.001, paired t test). In infants younger than 10 months of age, mask placement also increased %RC (without mask, 40 +/- 9%; with mask, 46 +/- 10% p less than 0.02). We conclude that by 1 yr of age, the RC contribution to tidal breathing during quiet sleep is similar to that of the adolescent, suggesting that major developmental changes in RC shape, compliance, and deformability take place during infancy.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Medizinische Fakultät - Universitätsklinikum Charité, Humboldt-Universität (kvv )
                16 June 1998
                29 July 2002
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Medizinische Fakultät
                Article
                oai:HUBerlin.de:10118
                6d7ef9a3-7ed1-465e-a2e0-d8ef81ac5af7
                History

                Medizin,kardiorespiratorische Interaktion,respiratorische Sinusarrhythmie,Entwicklung,Säugling,cardiorespiratory interaction,respiratory sinus arrhythmia,development,infant,YQ 2500,YQ 1600,YQ 3100,YQ 3000

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