Characterization of anatomical characters of Peperomia (Piperaceae) from Asia for taxonomy

Abstract

The flowers of Peperomia (Piperaceae) are simple, minute, and unique structures within the angiosperms consisting of a rounded bract, two stamens and an ovary, but generally lack taxonomic value at species level. Because of this, morphological characters of vegetative parts have been mainly used for species level taxonomy. There is a need to supplement these vegetative characters with anatomical characters. We selected 17 native Thai species representatives of South East Asian Peperomia to investigate the utility of vegetative anatomical characters for species delimitation, taxon identification, and classification. Stem, petiole, and leaf anatomical characters were studied using standard microscopic techniques. The anatomical characters demonstrated high diversity and supported species identification. Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) culstering, Principal Coordinates analysis (PCoA), and Principal Component Anaysis (PCA) were used to investigate patterns in the multivariate anatomical data and identify groupings of value to species classification. Four broad groupings were retrieved and some subgroupings identified. The most important characters that differentiated the species in the multivariate analysis included stem shape (roundness and ridges), petiole indumentum and trichome type, vascular bundle pattern and number, stem pith cavity, mucilage canals, and stem cortex sclerenchyma. These data were further used to prepare anatomical descriptions at generic and species levels and to provide a key to species.