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      Investigation of the Chemical Changes from Crude and Processed Paeoniae Radix Alba-Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma Herbal Pair Extracts by Using Q Exactive High-Performance Benchtop Quadrupole-Orbitrap LC-MS/MS

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          Abstract

          The Paeoniae Radix Alba-Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma herbal pair is mainly used for regulating the functions of liver and spleen, benefiting qi, and nourishing blood. However, the bioactive compounds for the pharmacological activities of the crude and processed Paeoniae Radix Alba-Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma herbal pair extracts are still unclear to date. In the present study, Q Exactive high-performance benchtop quadrupole-Orbitrap LC-MS/MS was applied to identify the complicated components from crude and processed Paeoniae Radix Alba, crude and processed Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma, and their crude and processed herbal pair extracts. 123 and 101 compounds were identified in crude and processed Paeoniae Radix Alba samples, respectively. Meanwhile, 32 and 26 compounds were identified in crude and processed Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma samples, respectively. In the crude and processed Paeoniae Radix Alba-Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma herbal pair extracts, co-decoction could significantly change the chemical composition of Paeoniae Radix Alba and Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma in solution. The developed method may provide a scientific foundation for deeply elucidating the processing and compatibility mechanism of Paeoniae Radix Alba and Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma.

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          Selective tumor cell targeting by the disaccharide moiety of bleomycin.

          In a recent study, the well-documented tumor targeting properties of the antitumor agent bleomycin (BLM) were studied in cell culture using microbubbles that had been derivatized with multiple copies of BLM. It was shown that BLM selectively targeted MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cells but not the "normal" breast cell line MCF-10A. Furthermore, it was found that the BLM analogue deglycobleomycin, which lacks the disaccharide moiety of BLM, did not target either cell line, indicating that the BLM disaccharide moiety is necessary for tumor selectivity. Not resolved in the earlier study were the issues of whether the BLM disaccharide moiety alone is sufficient for tumor cell targeting and the possible cellular uptake of the disaccharide. In the present study, we conjugated BLM, deglycoBLM, and BLM disaccharide to the cyanine dye Cy5**. It was found that the BLM and BLM disaccharide conjugates, but not the deglycoBLM conjugate, bound selectively to MCF-7 cells and were internalized. The same was also true for the prostate cancer cell line DU-145 (but not for normal PZ-HPV-7 prostate cells) and for the pancreatic cancer cell line BxPC-3 (but not for normal SVR A221a pancreas cells). The targeting efficiency of the disaccharide was only slightly less than that of BLM in MCF-7 and DU-145 cells and comparable to that of BLM in BxPC-3 cells. These results establish that the BLM disaccharide is both necessary and sufficient for tumor cell targeting, a finding with obvious implications for the design of novel tumor imaging and therapeutic agents.
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            Decocting-induced chemical transformations and global quality of Du-Shen-Tang, the decoction of ginseng evaluated by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS based chemical profiling approach.

            An UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS based chemical profiling method was developed to evaluate decocting-induced chemical transformations in Du-Shen-Tang, the decoction of the root of Panax ginseng. Under the optimized UPLC and Q-TOF-MS/MS conditions, over 50 peaks were separated and detected in Du-Shen-Tang within 18 min. The components were identified by comparing the mass spectra and retention time with that of reference compounds, and/or tentatively assigned by elucidating low energy CID fragment ions as well as matching empirical molecular formula with that of the published known compounds. Totally 45 major ginsenosides were identified in Du-Shen-Tang, 21 of which were determined to be newly generated during the decoction of ginseng. The mechanisms involved were further deduced to be hydrolysis, dehydration, decarboxylation and addition reactions of the original ginsenosides in white ginseng through analyzing mimic decoctions of 13 pure reference ginsenosides. Significant difference in chemical profiles between decoctions of two batches of white ginseng suggested that storage duration or other factors significantly influenced the quality consistency of not only the crude drug but also the decoction (Du-Shen-Tang) of white ginseng. Copyright (c) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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              Antioxidant Ability and Mechanism of Rhizoma Atractylodes macrocephala

              Rhizoma Atractylodes macrocephala (AM) has been used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) for about 2,000 years. In the study, we firstly determined the antioxidant levels of five AM extracts by •OH-scavenging, •O2 −-scavenging, Fe2+-chelating, Cu2+-chelating, DPPH·-scavenging, and ABTS+·-scavenging assays. After measurement of the chemical contents in five AM extracts, we quantitatively analyzed the correlations between antioxidant levels and chemical contents. It was observed that total phenolics and total flavonoids had significant positive correlations with antioxidant levels (R = 0.685 and 0.479, respectively). In contrast, total sugars and total saponins presented lower correlations with antioxidant levels (R = −0.272 and 0.244, respectively). It means that antioxidant activity of AM should be attributed to total phenolics (including phenolic acids and flavonoids), and not total sugars and total saponins. Further analysis indicated that phenolic acids exhibited higher R values with radical-scavenging assays (R = 0.32–1.00), while flavonoids showed higher R values with metal-chelating assays (R= 0.86 and 0.90). In conclusion, AM exerts its antioxidant effect through metal-chelating, and radical-scavenging which is via donating hydrogen atom and donating electron. Its metal-chelating may result from flavonoids, while its radical-scavenging can be attributed to phenolic acids, especially caffeic acid, ferulic acid, and protocatechuic acid.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Evid Based Complement Alternat Med
                Evid Based Complement Alternat Med
                ECAM
                Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM
                Hindawi Publishing Corporation
                1741-427X
                1741-4288
                2014
                4 May 2014
                4 May 2014
                : 2014
                : 170959
                Affiliations
                1College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
                2Research Center of TCM Processing Technology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
                3Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, China
                4Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
                Author notes

                Academic Editor: Shi-Biao Wu

                Article
                10.1155/2014/170959
                4024421
                607c0597-28e3-4451-8a28-3f0ba5eb12ba
                Copyright © 2014 Gang Cao et al.

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 20 January 2014
                : 7 March 2014
                : 20 March 2014
                Funding
                Funded by: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001809 National Natural Science Foundation of China
                Award ID: 81202918
                Funded by: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001809 National Natural Science Foundation of China
                Award ID: 81173546
                Funded by: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001809 National Natural Science Foundation of China
                Award ID: 30940093
                Funded by: Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province
                Award ID: BK2009495
                Funded by: International Science and Technology Cooperation Project of Jiangsu Province
                Award ID: BZ2011053
                Funded by: Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
                Award ID: 2011ZYX2-006
                Funded by: Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province
                Award ID: 2013KYB183
                Funded by: Science and Technology Project of Hangzhou, China
                Award ID: 20130533B68
                Funded by: Science and Technology Project of Hangzhou, China
                Award ID: 20131813A23
                Funded by: Chinese Medicine Research Program of Zhejiang Province, China
                Award ID: 2014ZQ008
                Funded by: Chinese Medicine Research Program of Zhejiang Province, China
                Award ID: 2008ZA002
                Funded by: Project of Science Technology Department of Zhejiang Province, China
                Award ID: 2013C33SA1C0003
                Funded by: Science Foundation of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University
                Award ID: 2011ZY25
                Funded by: Science Foundation of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University
                Award ID: 2013ZZ12
                Categories
                Research Article

                Complementary & Alternative medicine
                Complementary & Alternative medicine

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