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      Influências da reposição de estrógenos e progestágenos na ação do hormônio de crescimento em mulheres com hipopituitarismo Translated title: The influence of estrogen and progestogen replacement on growth hormone activity in women with hypopituitarism

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          Abstract

          O tratamento do hipogonadismo hipogonadotrófico na mulher adulta com hipopituitarismo inclui diversas alternativas terapêuticas de estrógenos e progestágenos, sendo a via oral a de menor custo e a de maior comodidade à paciente. A rota estrogênica oral, entretanto, exerce marcada influência sobre o eixo hormônio de crescimento/fator de crescimento insulina-símile número 1 (GH/IGF-1) nessas mulheres. O tratamento com estrógenos orais, concomitante ao uso de GH em pacientes com hipopituitarismo, antagoniza as ações biológicas do GH e agrava as anormalidades de composição corporal e o metabolismo em geral. Presume-se que o estrógeno oral iniba a secreção/produção de IGF-1 por meio de efeito de primeira passagem hepática, causando aumento da secreção de GH por intermédio de inibição do feedback negativo de IGF-1 em mulheres normais. Isso é demonstrado clinicamente por redução da massa magra, aumento da massa gorda, perfil lipídico aterogênico e prejuízo do bem-estar psicológico. Alguns estudos apontam que os progestágenos com ação androgênica revertem o efeito de diminuição dos níveis séricos de IGF-1 induzida pelos estrógenos orais. Os progestágenos neutros não apresentam esse efeito, porém, quanto maior a potência androgênica, maior será a reversão do efeito de diminuição de IGF-1. Na presente revisão da literatura, serão abordados os aspectos clínicos da reposição com estrógenos e progestágenos nas mulheres com hipopituitarismo, suas interações nas outras deficiências hormonais, bem como o impacto do uso de estrógenos sobre as ações metabólicas do GH.

          Translated abstract

          Treatment of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in adult women with hypopituitarism can include a wide range of estrogen and progestogen treatment alternatives and oral administration is the route of least cost and greatest patient comfort. The oral estrogen route has a major impact on the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor I (GH/IGF-1) axis. Oral estrogen therapy, when given concurrently with GH to patients with hypopituitarism, antagonizes the biological effects of GH treatment and aggravates the abnormalities of body composition and the metabolism in general. It is presumed that oral estrogen suppresses the secretion/production of IGF-1 by a hepatic first-pass mechanism, resulting in increased GH secretion by means of suppressing the IGF-1 negative feedback that is present in healthy women. This is clinically manifested in reduced lean body mass, increased fat mass, an atherogenic lipid profile and damage to psychological well-being. Some studies have indicated that progestogens with androgenic actions reverse the effect of reduced serum IGF-1 levels that is induced by the oral estrogens. Neutral progestogens do not exert this effect, however the stronger the androgenic potentialis, the more the effect of reduced IGF-1 will be reversed. This bibliographical review will deal with the clinical aspects of estrogen and progestogen replacement in women with hypopituitarism, their interactions with other hormone deficiencies and the impact of estrogen treatment on the metabolic actions of GH.

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          The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial results. II. The relationship of reduction in incidence of coronary heart disease to cholesterol lowering.

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          In the Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial (LRC-CPPT), a 19% lower incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) in cholestyramine-treated men was accompanied by mean falls of 8% and 12% in plasma total (TOTAL-C) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) cholesterol levels relative to levels in placebo-treated men. When the cholestyramine treatment group was analyzed separately, a 19% reduction in CHD risk was also associated with each decrement of 8% in TOTAL-C or 11% in LDL-C levels (P less than .001). Moreover, CHD incidence in men sustaining a fall of 25% in TOTAL-C or 35% in LDL-C levels, typical responses to the prescribed dosage (24 g/day) of cholestyramine resin, was half that of men who remained at pretreatment levels. Adherence to medication was associated with reduced incidence of CHD only when accompanied by falls in TOTAL-C and LDL-C levels. Small increases in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, which accompanied cholestyramine treatment, independently accounted for a 2% reduction in CHD risk. Thus, the reduction of CHD incidence in the cholestyramine group seems to have been mediated chiefly by reduction of TOTAL-C and LDL-C levels.
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            Effects of estrogen or estrogen/progestin regimens on heart disease risk factors in postmenopausal women. The Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) Trial. The Writing Group for the PEPI Trial.

            To assess pairwise differences between placebo, unopposed estrogen, and each of three estrogen/progestin regimens on selected heart disease risk factors in healthy postmenopausal women. A 3-year, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. A total of 875 healthy postmenopausal women aged 45 to 64 years who had no known contraindication to hormone therapy. Participants were randomly assigned in equal numbers to the following groups: (1) placebo; (2) conjugated equine estrogen (CEE), 0.625 mg/d; (3) CEE, 0.625 mg/d plus cyclic medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), 10 mg/d for 12 d/mo; (4) CEE, 0.625 mg/d plus consecutive MPA, 2.5 mg/d; or (5) CEE, 0.625 mg/d plus cyclic micronized progesterone (MP), 200 mg/d for 12 d/mo. PRIMARY ENDPOINTS: Four endpoints were chosen to represent four biological systems related to the risk of cardiovascular disease: (1) high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), (2) systolic blood pressure, (3) serum insulin, and (4) fibrinogen. Analyses presented are by intention to treat. P values for primary endpoints are adjusted for multiple comparisons; 95% confidence intervals around estimated effects were calculated without this adjustment. Mean changes in HDL-C segregated treatment regimens into three statistically distinct groups: (1) placebo (decrease of 0.03 mmol/L [1.2 mg/dL]); (2) MPA regimens (increases of 0.03 to 0.04 mmol/L [1.2 to 1.6 mg/dL]); and (3) CEE with cyclic MP (increase of 0.11 mmol/L [4.1 mg/dL]) and CEE alone (increase of 0.14 mmol/L [5.6 mg/dL]). Active treatments decreased mean low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (0.37 to 0.46 mmol/L [14.5 to 17.7 mg/dL]) and increased mean triglyceride (0.13 to 0.15 mmol/L [11.4 to 13.7 mg/dL]) compared with placebo. Placebo was associated with a significantly greater increase in mean fibrinogen than any active treatment (0.10 g/L compared with -0.02 to 0.06 g/L); differences among active treatments were not significant. Systolic blood pressure increased and postchallenge insulin levels decreased during the trial, but neither varied significantly by treatment assignment. Compared with other active treatments, unopposed estrogen was associated with a significantly increased risk of adenomatous or atypical hyperplasia (34% vs 1%) and of hysterectomy (6% vs 1%). No other adverse effect differed by treatment assignment or hysterectomy status. Estrogen alone or in combination with a progestin improves lipoproteins and lowers fibrinogen levels without detectable effects on postchallenge insulin or blood pressure. Unopposed estrogen is the optimal regimen for elevation of HDL-C, but the high rate of endometrial hyperplasia restricts use to women without a uterus. In women with a uterus, CEE with cyclic MP has the most favorable effect on HDL-C and no excess risk of endometrial hyperplasia.
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              Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy prevents central distribution of body fat after menopause.

              The reduction in cardiovascular risk induced by hormone replacement therapy is only partly explained by changes in serum lipids and lipoproteins. As body composition and body fat distribution in particular are independent predictors of cardiovascular disease, we investigated the effect of postmenopausal hormone therapy on body composition parameters directly measured. Sixty-two early postmenopausal women were followed up for 2 years in a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study. We found that combined estrogen-progestogen therapy prevented the increase in abdominal fat after menopause (P less than .05), and that this effect was independent of the effect on serum lipids and lipoproteins. The therapy reduced postmenopausal bone loss significantly (P less than .001), whereas it did not have a statistically significant influence on total body fat mass or total lean body mass. The findings of the present study suggest that some of the protective impact of postmenopausal hormone therapy on cardiovascular disease may be explained by the effect on body composition, in particular abdominal fat.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                abem
                Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia
                Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab
                Sociedade Brasileira de Endocrinologia e Metabologia (São Paulo )
                1677-9487
                July 2008
                : 52
                : 5
                : 901-916
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
                Article
                S0004-27302008000500023
                10.1590/S0004-27302008000500023
                5e81461b-c2ac-477e-94e5-b717e4562789

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0004-2730&lng=en
                Categories
                ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM

                Endocrinology & Diabetes
                Hypopituitarism,Treatment,Estrogens,Progestogens,IGF-1,IGFBPS,Hipopituitarismo,Tratamento,Estrógenos,Progestágenos,IGFBPs

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