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      Mechanisms and context in the San Patrignano drug recovery community, Italy: a qualitative study to inform transfer to Scotland

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          Abstract

          The San Patrignano drug recovery community, Italy, is regarded as one of the most successful in the world. However, if this model is to be transferred to other countries, it is necessary to clarify its underlying mechanisms and how far their success is context dependent. This qualitative study investigated these features of the San Patrignano model. Data collection included semi-structured interviews with six key stakeholders and 10 days’ observational field notes. Data were synthesised using frameworks and analysis was informed by realist principles. Individual level mechanisms include: commitment to change, removal from former social environment, communal living, peer mentor with lived experience and meaningful work. These operate in the context of a free of charge, long term (3–4 year) residential community. Organisational level mechanisms are: visionary leadership, staff dedication, social enterprise and adaptable learning. Organisational contextual factors include: a gap in suitable provision for drug recovery and the region’s high level of social capital. Articulating the programme theory of the recovery model and its contextual dependency helps clarify which elements should be transferred and how far they need to be adapted for different socio-cultural settings. The recognition of context is crucial when considering transfer of effective complex interventions across countries.

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          Sample Size in Qualitative Interview Studies: Guided by Information Power

          Sample sizes must be ascertained in qualitative studies like in quantitative studies but not by the same means. The prevailing concept for sample size in qualitative studies is "saturation." Saturation is closely tied to a specific methodology, and the term is inconsistently applied. We propose the concept "information power" to guide adequate sample size for qualitative studies. Information power indicates that the more information the sample holds, relevant for the actual study, the lower amount of participants is needed. We suggest that the size of a sample with sufficient information power depends on (a) the aim of the study, (b) sample specificity, (c) use of established theory, (d) quality of dialogue, and (e) analysis strategy. We present a model where these elements of information and their relevant dimensions are related to information power. Application of this model in the planning and during data collection of a qualitative study is discussed.
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            Purposeful Sampling for Qualitative Data Collection and Analysis in Mixed Method Implementation Research.

            Purposeful sampling is widely used in qualitative research for the identification and selection of information-rich cases related to the phenomenon of interest. Although there are several different purposeful sampling strategies, criterion sampling appears to be used most commonly in implementation research. However, combining sampling strategies may be more appropriate to the aims of implementation research and more consistent with recent developments in quantitative methods. This paper reviews the principles and practice of purposeful sampling in implementation research, summarizes types and categories of purposeful sampling strategies and provides a set of recommendations for use of single strategy or multistage strategy designs, particularly for state implementation research.
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              Demonstrating Rigor Using Thematic Analysis: A Hybrid Approach of Inductive and Deductive Coding and Theme Development

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                9515845
                Drugs (Abingdon Engl)
                Drugs (Abingdon Engl)
                Drugs (Abingdon, England)
                0968-7637
                28 October 2021
                2021
                21 April 2020
                24 November 2021
                : 28
                : 1
                : 85-96
                Affiliations
                MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
                Author notes
                CONTACT Alison M. Devlin Alison.Devlin@ 123456glasgow.ac.uk MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, 200, Renfield Street, Glasgow G2 3AX, UK
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9407-6465
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1234-3110
                Article
                EMS137639
                10.1080/09687637.2020.1747397
                7612027
                34824492
                5ced7657-4a1e-4128-9aa4-d807cddeaccc

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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                san patrignano,drug recovery community,mechanisms,complex intervention,transferability,context,programme theory

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