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      Layer-by-layer deposition of bioactive layers on magnesium alloy stent materials to improve corrosion resistance and biocompatibility

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          Abstract

          Magnesium alloy is considered as one of the ideal cardiovascular stent materials owing to its good mechanical properties and biodegradability. However, the in vivo rapid degradation rate and the insufficient biocompatibility restrict its clinical applications. In this study, the magnesium alloy (AZ31B) was modified by combining the surface chemical treatment and in-situ self-assembly of 16-phosphonyl-hexadecanoic acid, followed by the immobilization of chitosan-functionalized graphene oxide (GOCS). Heparin (Hep) and GOCS were alternatively immobilized on the GOCS-modified surface through layer by layer (LBL) to construct the GOCS/Hep bioactive multilayer coating, and the corrosion resistance and biocompatibility were extensively explored. The results showed that the GOCS/Hep bioactive multilayer coating can endow magnesium alloys with an excellent in vitro corrosion resistance. The GOCS/Hep multilayer coating can significantly reduce the hemolysis rate and the platelet adhesion and activation, resulting in an excellent blood compatibility. In addition, the multilayer coating can not only enhance the adhesion and proliferation of the endothelial cells, but also promote the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and nitric oxide (NO) expression of the attached endothelial cells on the surfaces. Therefore, the method of the present study can be used to simultaneously control the corrosion resistance and improve the biocompatibility of the magnesium alloys, which is expected to promote the application of magnesium alloys in biomaterials or medical devices, especially cardiovascular stent.

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          Highlights

          • •

            The multilayer coating of GOCS and heparin was constructed on magnesium surface.

          • •

            The coating can obviously improve the corrosion resistance of magnesium alloys.

          • •

            The coating can enhance the hemocompatibility and endothelial cell growth behaviors.

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          Mechanically Strong, Electrically Conductive, and Biocompatible Graphene Paper

          Haiqun Chen, Marc B. Müller, Kerry Gilmore … (2008)
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            Cytotoxicity of graphene oxide and graphene in human erythrocytes and skin fibroblasts.

            Ken-Hsuan Liao, Yu-Shen Lin, Christopher W Macosko … (2011)
            Two-dimensional carbon-based nanomaterials, including graphene oxide and graphene, are potential candidates for biomedical applications such as sensors, cell labeling, bacterial inhibition, and drug delivery. Herein, we explore the biocompatibility of graphene-related materials with controlled physical and chemical properties. The size and extent of exfoliation of graphene oxide sheets was varied by sonication intensity and time. Graphene sheets were obtained from graphene oxide by a simple (hydrazine-free) hydrothermal route. The particle size, morphology, exfoliation extent, oxygen content, and surface charge of graphene oxide and graphene were characterized by wide-angle powder X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and zeta-potential. One method of toxicity assessment was based on measurement of the efflux of hemoglobin from suspended red blood cells. At the smallest size, graphene oxide showed the greatest hemolytic activity, whereas aggregated graphene sheets exhibited the lowest hemolytic activity. Coating graphene oxide with chitosan nearly eliminated hemolytic activity. Together, these results demonstrate that particle size, particulate state, and oxygen content/surface charge of graphene have a strong impact on biological/toxicological responses to red blood cells. In addition, the cytotoxicity of graphene oxide and graphene sheets was investigated by measuring mitochondrial activity in adherent human skin fibroblasts using two assays. The methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, a typical nanotoxicity assay, fails to predict the toxicity of graphene oxide and graphene toxicity because of the spontaneous reduction of MTT by graphene and graphene oxide, resulting in a false positive signal. However, appropriate alternate assessments, using the water-soluble tetrazolium salt (WST-8), trypan blue exclusion, and reactive oxygen species assay reveal that the compacted graphene sheets are more damaging to mammalian fibroblasts than the less densely packed graphene oxide. Clearly, the toxicity of graphene and graphene oxide depends on the exposure environment (i.e., whether or not aggregation occurs) and mode of interaction with cells (i.e., suspension versus adherent cell types).
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              Impermeability of graphene and its applications

              Vikas Berry (2013)
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Changjiang Pan
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Bioact Mater
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Bioact Mater
                Title: Bioactive Materials
                Publisher: KeAi Publishing
                ISSN (Electronic): 2452-199X
                Publication date PMC-release: 07 May 2020
                Publication date Collection: September 2020
                Publication date (Electronic): 07 May 2020
                Volume: 5
                Issue: 3
                Pages: 611-623
                Affiliations
                [a ]Faculty of Mechanical and Material Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an 223003, China
                [b ]Department of Geriatrics, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Huai'an 223003, China
                [c ]Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Nerve Regeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
                Author notes
                [∗ ]Corresponding author. panchangjiang@ 123456hyit.edu.cn
                [1]

                These authors contributed equally to this work and should be considered co-first authors.

                Article
                Publisher ID: S2452-199X(20)30076-1
                DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.04.016
                PMC ID: 7212186
                PubMed ID: 32405576
                SO-VID: 41f7c46f-1555-434b-8c10-6cfd973353b5
                Copyright © © 2020 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co., Ltd.
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 14 March 2020
                Date revision received : 20 April 2020
                Date accepted : 22 April 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: magnesium alloys,graphene oxide,heparin,corrosion resistance,blood compatibility,endothelial cells
                Data availability:
                Keywords: magnesium alloys, graphene oxide, heparin, corrosion resistance, blood compatibility, endothelial cells

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