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      The structure of scientific controversies: Thomas Kuhn’s social epistemology Translated title: A estrutura das controvérsias científicas: a epistemologia social de Thomas Kuhn

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT Changes of theories are major events in science. Two main types of questions may be asked about them: i) how do scientists choose new theories?, and ii) how is consensus formed? Generally, philosophers do not distinguish these two questions. Kuhn, on the contrary, offers very different answers to each of these questions. Theory-choice, on the one hand, is explained through the application of epistemic criteria, such as accuracy and consistency; nonetheless, because these values do not prescribe a single choice, consensus formation, on the other hand, is explained through a series of socio-epistemic mechanisms, namely: scientific pedagogy, diffusion and production of knowledge within the community (the “wave motion”), and restructuring of the scientific field. These mechanisms are the basis of Kuhn’s social epistemology, in that they are not restricted to sociology nor epistemology, encompassing both social interactions and epistemic evaluations of theories.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMO Mudanças de teorias são eventos centrais na ciência. Dois tipos principais de perguntas podem ser feitas em relação a eles: i) como os cientistas escolhem novas teorias? e ii) como o consenso é formado? A maior parte dos filósofos não costuma distinguir estas duas questões. Kuhn, entretanto, oferece respostas muito diferentes para cada uma delas. Aescolha de teoriaé explicada, por ele, por meio da aplicação de critérios epistêmicos, como precisão e consistência. O fato de que esses valores não prescrevem uma única escolha, contudo, leva-o a explicar a formação de consensopor meio de uma série de mecanismos socioepistêmicos, a saber: a pedagogia científica; a difusão e produção de conhecimento dentro da comunidade (o “movimento das ondas”); e a reestruturação do campo científico. Esses mecanismos são a base da epistemologia social de Kuhn, na medida em que não se restringem nem à sociologia nem à epistemologia, envolvendo tanto interações sociais como avaliações epistêmicas de teorias.

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          Most cited references30

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          The Division of Cognitive Labor

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            The Structure of Scientific Revolutions

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              The essential tension: selected studies in scientific tradition and change

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                fun
                Filosofia Unisinos
                Filos. Unisinos
                Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos - UNISINOS (São Leopoldo, RS, Brazil )
                1984-8234
                2021
                : 22
                : 3
                : e22306
                Affiliations
                [1] São Paulo São Paulo orgnameUniversidade de São Paulo orgdiv1Instituto de Estudos Avançados Brazil
                Article
                S1984-82342021000200205 S1984-8234(21)02200300205
                10.4013/fsu.2021.223.06
                39210c7c-636f-42c8-81d9-52a9fbd60b69

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 01 June 2020
                : 05 October 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 31, Pages: 0
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                SciELO Brazil

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                formação de consenso,social epistemology,epistemologia social,Thomas Kuhn,consensus formation

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