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      Dynamical, biological and anthropic consequences of equal lunar and solar angular radii

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      Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences
      The Royal Society

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          A Devonian tetrapod-like fish and the evolution of the tetrapod body plan.

          The relationship of limbed vertebrates (tetrapods) to lobe-finned fish (sarcopterygians) is well established, but the origin of major tetrapod features has remained obscure for lack of fossils that document the sequence of evolutionary changes. Here we report the discovery of a well-preserved species of fossil sarcopterygian fish from the Late Devonian of Arctic Canada that represents an intermediate between fish with fins and tetrapods with limbs, and provides unique insights into how and in what order important tetrapod characters arose. Although the body scales, fin rays, lower jaw and palate are comparable to those in more primitive sarcopterygians, the new species also has a shortened skull roof, a modified ear region, a mobile neck, a functional wrist joint, and other features that presage tetrapod conditions. The morphological features and geological setting of this new animal are suggestive of life in shallow-water, marginal and subaerial habitats.
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            Tetrapod trackways from the early Middle Devonian period of Poland.

            The fossil record of the earliest tetrapods (vertebrates with limbs rather than paired fins) consists of body fossils and trackways. The earliest body fossils of tetrapods date to the Late Devonian period (late Frasnian stage) and are preceded by transitional elpistostegids such as Panderichthys and Tiktaalik that still have paired fins. Claims of tetrapod trackways predating these body fossils have remained controversial with regard to both age and the identity of the track makers. Here we present well-preserved and securely dated tetrapod tracks from Polish marine tidal flat sediments of early Middle Devonian (Eifelian stage) age that are approximately 18 million years older than the earliest tetrapod body fossils and 10 million years earlier than the oldest elpistostegids. They force a radical reassessment of the timing, ecology and environmental setting of the fish-tetrapod transition, as well as the completeness of the body fossil record.
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              Physics of the Earth

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences
                Proc. R. Soc. A
                The Royal Society
                1364-5021
                1471-2946
                August 08 2014
                August 08 2014
                August 08 2014
                August 08 2014
                : 470
                : 2168
                : 20140263
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Astrophysics, University of Oxford, Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK
                Article
                10.1098/rspa.2014.0263
                34df863a-1b93-4ca3-b788-c622551a602c
                © 2014
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