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      Associations between problematic smartphone use and behavioural difficulties, quality of life, and school performance among children and adolescents

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          Abstract

          Background

          European studies on determinants and factors associated with problematic smartphone use (PSU) in children and adolescents are still sparse. This study reports the current amount of PSU symptoms and the presence of (clinically relevant) PSU in German children and adolescents. We also investigated associations between socio-demographic factors, different smartphone usage patterns, and daily smartphone usage time and the amount of PSU symptoms in this group. In addition, associations of PSU symptoms and high smartphone usage times (> 2 h/day) with behavioural problems, quality of life (QoL), and school performance were investigated.

          Methods

          Within the framework of the LIFE Child study, 564 children and adolescents aged 10–18 years provided information on PSU symptoms (using the Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale), daily smartphone usage time, smartphone activities, behavioural strengths and difficulties (using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire), QoL (using the KIDSCREEN-27), and school performance. Multiple regression analyses were applied to assess associations.

          Results

          In the present sample, PSU was present in 13 children (2.3%). Older age, female gender, high daily smartphone usage time of > 2 h, and intensive smartphone use for social networking, gaming, or watching video clips were significantly associated with more PSU symptoms. Children and adolescents reporting more PSU symptoms also showed lower QoL, more behavioural difficulties, and poorer school performance, independently of age, gender, socio-economic status, and daily smartphone usage time. In contrast, daily smartphone usage time per se showed only weak or non-significant associations with these aspects of health and behaviour.

          Conclusion

          Intensive smartphone use for entertainment may increase the risk of developing PSU symptoms. Furthermore, the results indicate that PSU symptoms (more than long smartphone usage times per se) are associated with more behavioural difficulties and poorer QoL.

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          Most cited references60

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          The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: A Research Note

          Robert Goodman (1997)
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            Relationship of Smartphone Use Severity with Sleep Quality, Depression, and Anxiety in University Students

            Kadi̇r Demi̇rci̇, Mehmet Akgönül, Abdullah Akpınar (2015)
            Background and Aims The usage of smartphones has increased rapidly in recent years, and this has brought about addiction. The aim of the current study was to investigate the relationship between smartphone use severity and sleep quality, depression, and anxiety in university students. Methods In total, 319 university students (203 females and 116 males; mean age = 20.5 ± 2.45) were included in the study. Participants were divided into the following three groups: a smartphone non-user group (n = 71, 22.3%), a low smartphone use group (n = 121, 37.9%), and a high smartphone use group (n = 127, 39.8%). All participants were evaluated using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory; moreover, participants other than those in the smartphone non-user group were also assessed with the Smartphone Addiction Scale. Results The findings revealed that the Smartphone Addiction Scale scores of females were significantly higher than those of males. Depression, anxiety, and daytime dysfunction scores were higher in the high smartphone use group than in the low smartphone use group. Positive correlations were found between the Smartphone Addiction Scale scores and depression levels, anxiety levels, and some sleep quality scores. Conclusion The results indicate that depression, anxiety, and sleep quality may be associated with smartphone overuse. Such overuse may lead to depression and/or anxiety, which can in turn result in sleep problems. University students with high depression and anxiety scores should be carefully monitored for smartphone addiction.
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              Is smartphone addiction really an addiction?

              Tayana Panova, Xavier Carbonell (2018)
              In light of the rise in research on technological addictions and smartphone addiction in particular, the aim of this paper was to review the relevant literature on the topic of smartphone addiction and determine whether this disorder exists or if it does not adequately satisfy the criteria for addiction. We reviewed quantitative and qualitative studies on smartphone addiction and analyzed their methods and conclusions to make a determination on the suitability of the diagnosis “addiction” to excessive and problematic smartphone use. Although the majority of research in the field declares that smartphones are addictive or takes the existence of smartphone addiction as granted, we did not find sufficient support from the addiction perspective to confirm the existence of smartphone addiction at this time. The behaviors observed in the research could be better labeled as problematic or maladaptive smartphone use and their consequences do not meet the severity levels of those caused by addiction. Addiction is a disorder with severe effects on physical and psychological health. A behavior may have a similar presentation as addiction in terms of excessive use, impulse control problems, and negative consequences, but that does not mean that it should be considered an addiction. We propose moving away from the addiction framework when studying technological behaviors and using other terms such as “problematic use” to describe them. We recommend that problematic technology use is to be studied in its sociocultural context with an increased focus on its compensatory functions, motivations, and gratifications.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Tobias Kliesener: tobias.kliesener@gmx.de
                Christof Meigen: christof.meigen@medizin.uni-leipzig.de
                Wieland Kiess: wieland.kiess@medizin.uni-leipzig.de
                Tanja Poulain: tanja.poulain@medizin.uni-leipzig.de
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): BMC Psychiatry
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): BMC Psychiatry
                Title: BMC Psychiatry
                Publisher: BioMed Central (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1471-244X
                Publication date (Electronic): 18 March 2022
                Publication date PMC-release: 18 March 2022
                Publication date Collection: 2022
                Volume: 22
                Electronic Location Identifier: 195
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.9647.c, ISNI 0000 0004 7669 9786, LIFE Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, , Leipzig University, ; Philipp-Rosenthal-Strasse 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
                [2 ]GRID grid.9647.c, ISNI 0000 0004 7669 9786, Department of Women and Child Health, , University Hospital for Children and Adolescents and Center for Pediatric Research, Leipzig University, ; Liebigstrasse 20a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
                Article
                Publisher ID: 3815
                DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-03815-4
                PMC ID: 8932112
                PubMed ID: 35300635
                SO-VID: 340c7b57-9480-468a-b822-41b60af96400
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2022
                License:

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

                History
                Date received : 19 October 2021
                Date accepted : 23 February 2022
                Funding
                Funded by: European Union, Free State of Saxony
                Funded by: Universität Leipzig (1039)
                Open Access :

                Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.

                Categories
                Subject: Research
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2022

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: problematic smartphone use,psu,children,behavioural addiction,quality of life,behavioural difficulties,school performance
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: problematic smartphone use, psu, children, behavioural addiction, quality of life, behavioural difficulties, school performance

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