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      The heritability of antisocial behavior: A meta-analysis of twin and adoption studies

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      Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment
      Springer Nature

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          Personality similarity in twins reared apart and together.

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            Altruism and aggression: the heritability of individual differences.

            Five questionnaires measuring altruistic and aggressive tendencies were completed by 573 adult twin pairs of both sexes from the University of London Institute of Psychiatry Volunteer Twin Register. The questionnaires measured altruism, empathy, nurturance, aggressiveness, and assertiveness. The intraclass correlations for the five scales, respectively, were .53, .54, .49, .40, and .52 for 296 monozygotic pairs, and .25, .20, .14, .04, and .20 for 179 same-sex dizygotic pairs, resulting in broad heritability estimates of 56%, 68%, 70%, 72%, and 64%. Additional analyses, using maximum-likelihood model-fitting, revealed approximately 50% of the variance on each scale to be associated with genetic effects, virtually 0% with the twins' common environment, and the remaining 50% with each twins' specific environment and/or error associated with the test. Correcting for the unreliability in the tests raised the maximum-likelihood heritabilities to approximately 60%. Age and sex differences were also found: altruism increased over the age span from 19 to 60, whereas aggressiveness decreased, and, at each age, women had higher scores than men on altruism and lower scores on aggressiveness.
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              Implications of sex differences in the prevalences of antisocial personality, alcoholism, and criminality for familial transmission.

              We describe three multifactorial models of disease transmission in which the prevalences of a disease differ in men and women. These models demonstrate explicitly how such sex differences may be caused by genetic factors, home environment, sociocultural, or other nonfamilial factors. Independent sets of family data about antisocial personality and alcoholism in the United States and criminality in Danish twins are analyzed according to these quantitative models. Relevant clinical and adoption data about these disorders are reviewed. The sex differences observed in the development of antisocial personality and of crime appear to be due to familial factors whereas the differences between male and female alcoholics are due to nonfamilial factors. The models and results are discussed in terms of their general implications for testing hypotheses about gender-related differences.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment
                J Psychopathol Behav Assess
                Springer Nature
                0882-2689
                1573-3505
                December 1994
                December 1994
                : 16
                : 4
                : 301-323
                Article
                10.1007/BF02239409
                28d7106e-4391-42e5-b7f2-81ffb641cabf
                © 1994
                History

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