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      Can Facebook's community standards keep up with legal certainty? Content moderation governance under the pressure of the Digital Services Act

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      Policy & Internet
      Wiley

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          Abstract

          Content moderation by social media companies is a challenge for regulators around the world. The European Union is trying to tackle this challenge with its Digital Services Act (DSA). Notably, Article 14 DSA aims to impose language requirements based on the principle of legal certainty to social media companies' terms and conditions, of which community standards (CS) are a part. The principle of legal certainty is one of the building blocks of international human rights law, and its inclusion in the DSA illustrates the human rights‐based approach anchored in this European regulation. Based on a content analysis of Facebook's CS, this paper shows that their standards do not meet European requirements for legal certainty and argues that important changes in content moderation governance would be needed for proper compliance. Such changes could generate a domino effect beyond the European Union and on Facebook's content moderation governance itself. At the same time, the DSA could also generate a boomerang effect on the legal certainty principle as such. From this perspective, the paper contributes to the literature on regulatory governance studies, and on international human rights law in social media studies from a European Union perspective.

          摘要

          社交媒体公司的内容审核对世界各地的监管机构来说都是一个挑战。欧盟正试图通过其《数字服务法》(DSA)来应对这一挑战。值得注意的是,DSA第14条旨在基于法律确定性原则对社交媒体公司的条款和条件施加语言要求,这些条款包括社区标准(CS)。法律确定性原则是国际人权法的基石之一,将其纳入DSA体现了该欧洲法规中基于人权的做法。基于对脸书CS的内容分析,本文表明,脸书的标准不符合欧洲对法律确定性的要求,并论证认为,需要对内容审核治理进行重大改变才能实现正确合规。此类改变可能会在欧盟之外以及脸书的内容审核治理本身产生多米诺骨牌效应。与此同时,DSA也可能对法律确定性原则产生回旋效应。从这个角度来看,本文为“监管治理研究以及欧盟视角下社交媒体研究中的国际人权法”的相关文献作贡献。

          Resumen

          La moderación de contenidos por parte de las empresas de redes sociales es un desafío para los reguladores de todo el mundo. La Unión Europea está intentando afrontar este desafío con su Ley de Servicios Digitales (DSA). En particular, el artículo 14 de la DSA tiene como objetivo imponer requisitos lingüísticos basados en el principio de seguridad jurídica a los términos y condiciones de las empresas de redes sociales, de los cuales los estándares comunitarios (CS) forman parte. El principio de seguridad jurídica es uno de los pilares del derecho internacional de los derechos humanos, y su inclusión en la DSA ilustra el enfoque basado en los derechos humanos anclado en esta regulación europea. Basado en un análisis de contenido de la CS de Facebook, este artículo muestra que sus estándares no cumplen con los requisitos europeos de seguridad jurídica y sostiene que se necesitarían cambios importantes en la gobernanza de la moderación de contenido para un cumplimiento adecuado. Tales cambios podrían generar un efecto dominó más allá de la Unión Europea y en la propia gobernanza de la moderación de contenidos de Facebook. Al mismo tiempo, la DSA también podría generar un efecto boomerang sobre el principio de seguridad jurídica como tal. Desde esta perspectiva, el artículo contribuye a la literatura sobre estudios de gobernanza regulatoria y sobre el derecho internacional de los derechos humanos en los estudios de redes sociales desde la perspectiva de la Unión Europea.

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          Most cited references58

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          Algorithmic content moderation: Technical and political challenges in the automation of platform governance

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            The Brussels Effect

            The Brussels Effect challenges the prevalent view that the European Union (EU) is a declining world power. It argues that notwithstanding its many obvious challenges, the EU remains an influential superpower that shapes the world in its image through a phenomenon called the “Brussels Effect.” The Brussels Effect refers to the EU’s unilateral power to regulate global markets. Without the need to resort to international institutions or seek other nations’ cooperation, the EU has the unique ability among nations today to promulgate regulations that shape the global business environment, elevating standards worldwide and leading to a notable Europeanization of many important aspects of global commerce. Different from many other forms of global influence, the Brussels Effect entails that the EU does not need to impose its standards coercively on anyone—market forces alone are often sufficient to convert the EU standard into the global standard as multinational companies voluntarily extend the EU rule to govern their global operations. In this way, the EU wields significant, unique, and highly penetrating power to unilaterally transform global markets, including through its ability to set the standards in diverse areas such as competition regulation, data protection, online hate speech, consumer health and safety, or environmental protection.
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              Between Truth and Power

              This book explores the relationships between legal institutions and political and economic transformation. It argues that as law is enlisted to help produce the profound economic and sociotechnical shifts that have accompanied the emergence of the informational economy, it is changing in fundamental ways. We are witnessing the emergence of legal institutions adapted to the information age, but their form and their substance remain undetermined and are the subjects of intense struggle. One level for legal-institutional transformation involves baseline understandings of entitlement and disentitlement. Both lawyers and laypeople tend to think of legal entitlements as relatively fixed, but the ongoing transformation in political economy has set things in motion in ways that traditional accounts do not contemplate. In particular, the datafication of important resources and the shift to a platform-based, massively intermediated communications environment have profoundly reshaped both the organization of economic activity and the patterns of information exchange. The authority of platforms is both practical and normative, and it has become both something taken for granted and a powerful force reshaping the law in its own image. Another level for legal-institutional transformation involves the structure and operation of regulatory and governance institutions. Patterns of institutional change in the networked information era express a generally neoliberalized and managerialist stance toward the law’s projects and processes. They reflect deeply embedded beliefs about the best uses of new technological capabilities to manage legal and regulatory processes and account for activities of legal and regulatory concern.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Policy & Internet
                Policy & Internet
                Wiley
                1944-2866
                1944-2866
                May 28 2024
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Swiss Graduate School of Public Administration University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
                Article
                10.1002/poi3.391
                2788a461-2e61-405a-b5b1-95310d9358c1
                © 2024

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/

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