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      Seismological Processing of Six Degree-of-Freedom Ground-Motion Data

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          Abstract

          Recent progress in rotational sensor technology has made it possible to directly measure rotational ground-motion induced by seismic waves. When combined with conventional inertial seismometer recordings, the new sensors allow one to locally observe six degrees of freedom (6DOF) of ground-motion, composed of three orthogonal components of translational motion and three orthogonal components of rotational motion. The applications of such 6DOF measurements are manifold—ranging from wavefield characterization, separation, and reconstruction to the reduction of non-uniqueness in seismic inverse problems—and have the potential to revolutionize the way seismic data are acquired and processed. However, the seismological community has yet to embrace rotational ground-motion as a new observable. The aim of this paper is to give a high-level introduction into the field of 6DOF seismology using illustrative examples and to summarize recent progress made in this relatively young field. It is intended for readers with a general background in seismology. In order to illustrate the seismological value of rotational ground-motion data, we provide the first-ever 6DOF processing example of a teleseismic earthquake recorded on a multicomponent ring laser observatory and demonstrate how wave parameters (phase velocity, propagation direction, and ellipticity angle) and wave types of multiple phases can be automatically estimated using single-station 6DOF processing tools. Python codes to reproduce this processing example are provided in an accompanying Jupyter notebook.

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Sensors (Basel)
                Sensors (Basel)
                sensors
                Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
                MDPI
                1424-8220
                03 December 2020
                December 2020
                : 20
                : 23
                : 6904
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Institute of Geophysics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland; cedric.schmelzbach@ 123456erdw.ethz.ch (C.S.); pascal.edme@ 123456erdw.ethz.ch (P.E.); dirkjan.vanmanen@ 123456erdw.ethz.ch (D.-J.v.M.); johan.robertsson@ 123456erdw.ethz.ch (J.O.A.R.)
                [2 ]LMU, 80333 Munich, Germany; igel@ 123456geophysik.uni-muenchen.de (H.I.); fbernauer@ 123456geophysik.uni-muenchen.de (F.B.); syuan@ 123456geophysik.uni-muenchen.de (S.Y.); jowa@ 123456geophysik.uni-muenchen.de (J.W.)
                [3 ]Geodätisches Observatorium Wettzell, TUM, 93444 Bad Kötzting, Germany; ulrich.schreiber@ 123456tum.de
                Author notes
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6408-6681
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7242-6399
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1380-8714
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3041-0559
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8250-2826
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9509-4905
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5401-0381
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4088-1792
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3775-5058
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3292-385X
                Article
                sensors-20-06904
                10.3390/s20236904
                7731287
                33287180
                177a2dd7-2f8c-4996-8720-264ce57d07c6
                © 2020 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 05 October 2020
                : 01 December 2020
                Categories
                Review

                Biomedical engineering
                seismology,rotation,gyroscope,ring laser,seismic tomography,seismic exploration
                Biomedical engineering
                seismology, rotation, gyroscope, ring laser, seismic tomography, seismic exploration

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