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      The Sum of Plasma Fatty Acids iso16:0, iso17:0, trans11-18:1, cis9, trans11-CLA, and cis6-18:1 as Biomarker of Dairy Intake Established in an Intervention Study and Validated in the EPIC Cohort of Gipuzkoa

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          Abstract

          The questioned reliability of 15:0, 17:0, and trans9-16:1 acids as biomarkers of dairy fat intake also questions the relationship between the intake of these products and their health effects. Two studies were conducted in the same geographical region. In an intervention study, volunteers followed a diet rich in dairy products followed by a diet without dairy products. Plasma and erythrocyte fatty acids (FA) were analyzed, and their correlations with dairy product intakes were tested. The FA biomarkers selected were validated in the Gipuzkoa cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) observational study. The correlation coefficients between plasma concentrations of iso16:0, iso17:0, trans11-18:1, cis9, trans11-18:2, and cis6-18:1 and the dairy fat ingested are similar in both studies, indicating that their concentration increases by 0.8 µmol/L per gram of dairy fat ingested. The biomarkers are positively related to plasma triglycerides ( r = 0.324 and 0.204 in the intervention and observational studies, respectively) and total cholesterol ( r = 0.459 and 0.382), but no correlation was found between the biomarkers and atherogenicity indexes. In conclusion, the sum of the plasma concentration of the selected FAs can be used as biomarkers of dairy product consumption. A linear relationship exists between their plasma concentrations and ruminant product intake. These biomarkers allow for obtaining consistent relationships between dairy intake and plasma biochemical parameters.

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              The EPIC Project: rationale and study design. European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition.

              The most consistent result of epidemiological studies on diet and cancer is that a diet rich in vegetables, fruit and, more generally, in plant foods is associated with a reduced risk of cancer at several anatomical sites. Epidemiological studies have been less consistent regarding the putative increase in risk related to consumption of fat or meat. In addition it has not been possible to identify clearly the biological role of specific nutrients or non-nutrient food components in the prevention or causation of cancer. Limitations in the precision and validity of traditional dietary intake measurements and limited use of biomarkers combined with narrow ranges of variations in dietary habits within single populations, have been the main reasons for the limited success in identifying more specific diet and cancer links. EPIC is a multi-centre prospective cohort study designed to investigate the relation between diet, nutritional and metabolic characteristics, various lifestyle factors and the risk of cancer. The study is based in 22 collaborating centres in nine European countries and includes populations characterized by large variations in dietary habits and cancer risk. Data are collected on diet, physical activity, sexual maturation and reproductive history, lifetime consumption of alcohol and tobacco, previous and current illnesses and current medication. Following a common protocol and using identical equipment, blood samples are collected, aliquoted into plasma, serum, white blood cells and erythrocytes, and stored in liquid nitrogen at -196 degrees C for future laboratory analyses on cancer cases and matched healthy controls. Anthropometric measurements are taken according to a standard protocol. It is planned to include around 400,000 middle-aged men and women. The collection of questionnaire data, anthropometric measurements and blood samples is under way. Almost 340,000 subjects had been included in the study by mid-1996, and recruitment is expected to be almost complete by 1997. Follow-up for cancer incidence and total mortality has started and it is expected that about 23000 cancer cases will be identified during the first 10 years of follow-up.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Nutrients
                Nutrients
                nutrients
                Nutrients
                MDPI
                2072-6643
                22 February 2021
                February 2021
                : 13
                : 2
                : 702
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Lactiker Research Group, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; alaitz.berrozabalgoitia@ 123456ehu.eus (A.B.); juancarlos.ruizdegordoa@ 123456ehu.eus (J.C.R.d.G.); mertxe.derenobales@ 123456ehu.eus (M.d.R.); gustavo.amores@ 123456ehu.eus (G.A.); luisjavier.rbarron@ 123456ehu.eus (L.J.R.B.)
                [2 ]Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
                [3 ]Department of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
                [4 ]Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa-Biodonostia Research Institute, Basque Regional Health Department, 20013 San Sebastian, Spain; epicss-san@ 123456euskadi.eus (P.A.); epicss-san@ 123456euskadi.es (M.D.)
                [5 ]Laboratory of Biochemistry, Basque Regional Health Department, Araba University Hospital, 01009 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; zelai.pereasainz@ 123456osakidetza.eus
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: mailo.virto@ 123456ehu.eus
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9512-7682
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2563-1082
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1482-0566
                Article
                nutrients-13-00702
                10.3390/nu13020702
                7926849
                13ae9715-2009-4ccc-affb-b783fa93da34
                © 2021 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 26 January 2021
                : 16 February 2021
                Categories
                Article

                Nutrition & Dietetics
                dairy products,dairy fat,rumenic acid,vaccenic acid,petroselinic acid,iso fatty acids,biomarkers,plasma,atherogenicity indexes

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