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      High Open‐Circuit Voltage Cs 2AgBiBr 6 Carbon‐Based Perovskite Solar Cells via Green Processing of Ultrasonic Spray‐Coated Carbon Electrodes from Waste Tire Sources

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          Abstract

          Costs and toxicity concerns are at the center of a heated debate regarding the implementation of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) into commercial products. The first bottleneck could be overcome by eliminating the top metal electrode (generally gold) and the underlying hole transporting material and substituting both with one single thick layer of conductive carbon, as in the so‐called carbon‐based PSCs (C‐PSCs). The second issue, related to the presence of lead, can be tackled by resorting to other perovskite structures based on less toxic metallic components. An interesting case is that of the double perovskite Cs 2AgBiBr 6, which at present still lacks the outstanding optoelectronic performances of the lead‐based counterparts but is very stable to environmental factors. In this work, the processing of carbon electrodes onto Cs 2AgBiBr 6‐based C‐PSCs was reported, starting from an additive‐free isopropanol ink of a carbon material obtained from the hydrothermal recycling of waste tires and employing a high‐throughput ultrasonic spray coating method in normal environmental conditions. Through this highly sustainable approach that ensures a valuable step from an end‐of‐life to an end‐of‐waste status for used tires, devices were obtained delivering a record open circuit voltage of 1.293 V, which might in the future represent ultra‐cheap solutions to power the indoor Internet of Things ecosystem.

          Abstract

          End‐of‐waste: Waste tires are transformed into conductive carbon black for use as hole‐extracting contact in lead‐free perovskite solar cells. This carbon electrode is processed via spray‐coating from pure isopropanol with no additives, making the whole process highly sustainable. The resulting photovoltaic devices deliver a very high open‐circuit voltage due to the built‐in potential established at the perovskite/carbon interface.

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          Lead-Free Perovskite Materials for Solar Cells

          The toxicity issue of lead-based halide perovskites hinders theirs large-scale commercial applications in solar cells. A variety of non- or low-toxic perovskite materials have been used for development of environmentally friendly lead-free perovskite solar cells, some of which show excellent optoelectronic properties and device performances. At present, more new lead-free perovskite materials with tunable optical and electrical properties are urgently required to design highly efficient and stable lead-free perovskite solar cells. The toxicity issue of lead hinders large-scale commercial production and photovoltaic field application of lead halide perovskites. Some novel non- or low-toxic perovskite materials have been explored for development of environmentally friendly lead-free perovskite solar cells (PSCs). This review studies the substitution of equivalent/heterovalent metals for Pb based on first-principles calculation, summarizes the theoretical basis of lead-free perovskites, and screens out some promising lead-free candidates with suitable bandgap, optical, and electrical properties. Then, it reports notable achievements for the experimental studies of lead-free perovskites to date, including the crystal structure and material bandgap for all of lead-free materials and photovoltaic performance and stability for corresponding devices. The review finally discusses challenges facing the successful development and commercialization of lead-free PSCs and predicts the prospect of lead-free PSCs in the future.
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            Electronic Processes in Ionic Crystals

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              Author and article information

              Contributors
              federico.bella@polito.it
              francesco.lamberti@unipd.it
              teresa.gatti@phys.chemie.uni-giessen.de
              Journal
              ChemSusChem
              ChemSusChem
              10.1002/(ISSN)1864-564X
              CSSC
              Chemsuschem
              John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
              1864-5631
              1864-564X
              01 October 2022
              22 November 2022
              : 15
              : 22 ( doiID: 10.1002/cssc.v15.22 )
              : e202201590
              Affiliations
              [ 1 ] Institute of Physical Chemistry Justus Liebig University Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 35392 Giessen Germany
              [ 2 ] Center for Materials Research Justus Liebig University Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 35392 Giessen Germany
              [ 3 ] Department of Information Engineering University of Padova Via Gradenigo 6/B 35131 Padova Italy
              [ 4 ] Department of Applied Science and Technology Politecnico di Torino C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24 10129 Torino Italy
              [ 5 ] Materials Characterization Facility Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Via Morego 30 16163 Genova Italy
              [ 6 ] Center “Giorgio Levi Cases” for Energy Economics and Technology Via Marzolo 9 35131 Padova Italy
              [ 7 ] Department of Chemical Sciences University of Padova Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
              Author notes
              [+]

              These two authors contributed equally to this work.

              Author information
              http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5343-8055
              Article
              CSSC202201590
              10.1002/cssc.202201590
              9828808
              36073538
              1135529b-841e-4860-892e-3f25c31ddba9
              © 2022 The Authors. ChemSusChem published by Wiley-VCH GmbH

              This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.

              History
              : 07 September 2022
              : 19 August 2022
              Page count
              Figures: 5, Tables: 0, References: 68, Pages: 10, Words: 0
              Funding
              Funded by: European commission , doi 10.13039/501100000780;
              Award ID: 101017821
              Funded by: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft , doi 10.13039/501100001659;
              Award ID: GA 3052/1-1
              Funded by: Italian project “Bifacial Efficient Solar cell Technology with 4 terminal architecture for Utility scale” – BEST4U
              Award ID: PONARS01_00519
              Categories
              Research Article
              Research Articles
              Custom metadata
              2.0
              November 22, 2022
              Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:6.2.3 mode:remove_FC converted:09.01.2023

              Sustainable & Green chemistry
              carbon electrodes,lead-free,perovskite solar cells,photovoltaics,sustainable chemistry

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