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      The Evolutionary Origin of Female Orgasm : EVOLUTION OF FEMALE ORGASM

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      Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution
      Wiley-Blackwell

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          The placental mammal ancestor and the post-K-Pg radiation of placentals.

          To discover interordinal relationships of living and fossil placental mammals and the time of origin of placentals relative to the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) boundary, we scored 4541 phenomic characters de novo for 86 fossil and living species. Combining these data with molecular sequences, we obtained a phylogenetic tree that, when calibrated with fossils, shows that crown clade Placentalia and placental orders originated after the K-Pg boundary. Many nodes discovered using molecular data are upheld, but phenomic signals overturn molecular signals to show Sundatheria (Dermoptera + Scandentia) as the sister taxon of Primates, a close link between Proboscidea (elephants) and Sirenia (sea cows), and the monophyly of echolocating Chiroptera (bats). Our tree suggests that Placentalia first split into Xenarthra and Epitheria; extinct New World species are the oldest members of Afrotheria.
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            Phylogenomic datasets provide both precision and accuracy in estimating the timescale of placental mammal phylogeny.

            The fossil record suggests a rapid radiation of placental mammals following the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) mass extinction 65 million years ago (Ma); nevertheless, molecular time estimates, while highly variable, are generally much older. Early molecular studies suffer from inadequate dating methods, reliance on the molecular clock, and simplistic and over-confident interpretations of the fossil record. More recent studies have used Bayesian dating methods that circumvent those issues, but the use of limited data has led to large estimation uncertainties, precluding a decisive conclusion on the timing of mammalian diversifications. Here we use a powerful Bayesian method to analyse 36 nuclear genomes and 274 mitochondrial genomes (20.6 million base pairs), combined with robust but flexible fossil calibrations. Our posterior time estimates suggest that marsupials diverged from eutherians 168-178 Ma, and crown Marsupialia diverged 64-84 Ma. Placentalia diverged 88-90 Ma, and present-day placental orders (except Primates and Xenarthra) originated in a ∼20 Myr window (45-65 Ma) after the K-Pg extinction. Therefore we reject a pre K-Pg model of placental ordinal diversification. We suggest other infamous instances of mismatch between molecular and palaeontological divergence time estimates will be resolved with this same approach.
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              Evolution of Animal Photoperiodism

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution
                J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.)
                Wiley-Blackwell
                15525007
                September 2016
                September 31 2016
                : 326
                : 6
                : 326-337
                Article
                10.1002/jez.b.22690
                27478160
                0e3c9281-9141-4a46-9d9a-7ec59acfd26a
                © 2016

                http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1

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