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      Ortega y Gasset y la psiquiatría biológica: "Si queremos que todo siga como está, es necesario que todo cambie" Translated title: Ortega y Gasset and biological psychiatry: "If we want that everything goes on like it is, it is necessary that everything changes"

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          Abstract

          Antecedentes: La práctica e investigación en el campo de la psiquiatría biológica exige que asumamos posiciones en varias cuestiones filosóficas Objetivo: Centralizarse en los supuestos filosóficos básicos de la psiquiatría biológica moderna Método: Investigar las interpretaciones de Ortega sobre la naturaleza del hombre y la ciencia para comprender los presupuestos que la psiquiatría biológica no puede justificar científicamente Resultados: La psiquiatría biológica permite visualizar sólo aquello que su tipo de representación ha aceptado antes como objeto posible, ej., función cerebral, expresión génica, neurotrasmisores. Por el contrario y de acuerdo a Ortega: "El hombre no es su cuerpo, que es una cosa, ni su alma, que es también una cosa, una sutil cosa: el hombre no es en absoluto una cosa, sino un drama: su vida" Conclusiones. Ortega ayuda a captar mejor el estrato de comprensión propio de la psiquiatría biológica porque su "nuevo nivel está en un estrato más profundo de los problemas filosóficos"

          Translated abstract

          Background. Practice and research in the field of biological psychiatry requires us to assume certain positions on several philosophical issues. Objective. To focus on the basic philosophical assumptions of modern biological psychiatry. Method. To inquire into Ortega y Gasset's interpretations of the nature of man and science in order to understand the presuppositions which biological psychiatry itself can never justify scientifically. Results. Biological psychiatry allows only the insigths of what its kind of representation has admitted in advance as a possible object, i.e., brain function, gene expression, neurotransmitter. On the contrary and according to Ortega: "The man is not his body that is a thing, neither his soul that is also a thing, a subtle thing: the man is not at all a thing, but a drama: his life" Conclusions. Ortega can help us to apprehend the level of understanding peculiar of the current biological psychiatry better because his "new level is a deeper stratum of the philosophical problems"

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          A new intellectual framework for psychiatry.

          E R Kandel (1998)
          In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.
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            Biology and the future of psychoanalysis: a new intellectual framework for psychiatry revisited.

            The American Journal of Psychiatry has received a number of letters in response to my earlier "Framework" article (1). Some of these are reprinted elsewhere in this issue, and I have answered them briefly there. However, one issue raised by some letters deserves a more detailed answer, and that relates to whether biology is at all relevant to psychoanalysis. To my mind, this issue is so central to the future of psychoanalysis that it cannot be addressed with a brief comment. I therefore have written this article in an attempt to outline the importance of biology for the future of psychoanalysis.
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              Toward a philosophical structure for psychiatry.

              K Kendler (2005)
              This article, which seeks to sketch a coherent conceptual and philosophical framework for psychiatry, confronts two major questions: how do mind and brain interrelate, and how can we integrate the multiple explanatory perspectives of psychiatric illness? Eight propositions are proposed and defended: 1) psychiatry is irrevocably grounded in mental, first-person experiences; 2) Cartesian substance dualism is false; 3) epiphenomenalism is false; 4) both brain-->mind and mind-->brain causality are real; 5) psychiatric disorders are etiologically complex, and no more "spirochete-like" discoveries will be made that explain their origins in simple terms; 6) explanatory pluralism is preferable to monistic explanatory approaches, especially biological reductionism; 7) psychiatry must move beyond a prescientific "battle of paradigms" to embrace complexity and support empirically rigorous and pluralistic explanatory models; 8) psychiatry should strive for "patchy reductionism" with the goal of "piecemeal integration" in trying to explain complex etiological pathways to illness bit by bit.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rchnp
                Revista chilena de neuro-psiquiatría
                Rev. chil. neuro-psiquiatr.
                Sociedad de Neurología, Psiquiatría y Neurocirugía (Santiago, , Chile )
                0717-9227
                June 2006
                : 44
                : 2
                : 134-146
                Affiliations
                [01] orgnameUniversidad de Valparaíso orgdiv1Escuela de Medicina orgdiv2Departamento de Psiquiatría Chile
                Article
                S0717-92272006000200006 S0717-9227(06)04400200006
                10.4067/S0717-92272006000200006
                05b3561f-b05a-4fd2-bee1-d1d0d66bfde1

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

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                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 74, Pages: 13
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                SciELO Chile

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                Ortega and Gasset,biological psychiatry,philosophy of psychiatry,Psiquiatría biologica,Filosofía de la psiquiatría

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